Sustainable Enviromental Management dalam Mengatasi Permasalahan Kerusakan Lahan Akibat Penambangan Galian C di Kabupaten Karangasem

The topography of Karangasem Regency is very varied, in the form of plains, hills, mountains, namely the highest mountain in Bali (Gunung Agung). The location of Karangasem Regency which is close to Mount Agung causes Karangasem Regency to have a wealth of natural resources in the form of class C minerals, namely sand and rocks which are abundant compared to other regencies in Bali. The government of Karangasem Regency collects taxes on group C mining entrepreneurs. Exploitation of land in Karangasem Regency carried out by C mining entrepreneurs has a negative impact, namely environmental damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of Sustainable environmental management in overcoming the problem of land damage due to excavation c mining in Karangasem Regency. The research method used is the library research method. The results of the study showed that there was critical land due to mining business activities of C excavation which did not carry out land reclamation after post-mining. This is because the C mining entrepreneurs in Karangasem Regency do not carry out the basic principles of Sustainable Environmental Management, namely the principle of Intragenerational equity, the principle of intergenerational equity, the principle of preventive action, the principle of prudence, the precautionary principle and the polluter-pays principle.

Disentangling annuities and transfers: The case of Greek retirement benefits

The aim of this paper is to estimate the relative importance of annuities and transfers in Greek retirement benefits and to assess their impact on intergenerational and intragenerational equity. We analyse a large sample of private sector workers retiring in 2008. Adopting a longitudinal approach, we compute the net present value of contributions paid and benefits received by individuals over their life course. We define the difference between the two as the implicit transfer, which can be either positive or negative. Lifetime retirement benefits are calculated both according to the rules in place at the time of retirement, and after the spending cuts introduced in 2010-2013. Our findings suggest that for the vast majority of retirees pension benefits are heavily subsidized, i.e. exceed the actuarially fair level paid for by social contributions. Austerity policies have reduced but not eliminated this subsidy.

Towards an equitable and sustainable points system. A proposal for pension reform in Belgium

We describe the points system as proposed by the Belgian Commission for Pension Reform 2020–2040. Intragenerational equity can be realised through the allocation of points within a cohort. The intergenerational distribution is determined by fixing the value of a point for the newly retired and a sustainability parameter for the actual retirees. The value of the point links pensions to the average living standard of the employed population. We propose an automatic adjustment mechanism, in which a key role is played by the career length. This mechanism induces a balanced distribution of the burden of demographic and economic shocks over the different cohorts.

Discounting and intragenerational equity

We study the social discount rate, taking into account inequality within generations, that is, across countries or individuals. We show that if inequality decreases over time, the social discount rate should be lower than the one obtained by the standard Ramsey rule under certain but reasonable conditions. Applied to the global discount rate and due to the projected convergence across countries, this implies that the inequality adjusted discount rate should be about twice as high as the standard Ramsey rule predicts. For individual countries on the other hand, where inequality tends to increase over time, the effect goes in the other direction. For the United States for instance, this inequality effect leads to a reduction of the social discount rate by about 0.5 to 1 percentage points. We also present an analytical formula for the social discount rate allowing us to disentangle inequality, risk, and intertemporal fluctuation aversion.

KEADILAN DALAM SATU (INTRA) GENERASI:SEBUAH PENGANTAR BERDASARKAN TAKSONOMI KEADILAN LINGKUNGAN

This paper attempts to discuss intragenerational equity based on the taxonomy of environmental justice, i.e. distributive justice, corrective justice, procedural justice, and social justice. Based on distributive justice perspective, the paper places the polluter pays principle (PPP) and common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) as two important legal principles in implementing intragenerational equity. Based on corrective justice perpective, the paper considers that the PPP plays an important role in implementing intragenerational equity. The paper explains the implementation of procedural justice in terms of access to participation, access to information, and legal standing. Finally, the paper observes the importance of the integration of environmental protection and social justice.IntisariTulisan ini mencoba untuk mendiskusikan lebih mendalam keadilan intra generasi dengan menggunakan taksonomi keadilan lingkungan, yaitu keadilan distributif, keadilan korektif, keadilan prosedural, dan keadilan sosial. Secara khusus, berdasarkan perspektif keadilan distributif, tulisan ini melihat adanya kaitan erat antara keadilan intra generasi dengan polluter pays principle (PPP) dan common-but-differentiated responsibility. Dalam perspektif keadilan korektif, tulisan ini melihat pentingnya PPP untuk mewujudkan keadilan intra generasi. Tulisan ini melihat perwujudan keadilan prosedural melalui hak untuk berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan, hak atas informasi, dan hak gugat. Dalam konteks keadilan sosial, tulisan menjelaskan integrasi perlindungan lingkungan dengan penciptaan keadilan sosial.