Names of Trees in East Slavic Charms

The paper deals with the Proto-Slavic two-part personal names reconstructed in the Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages (EDSL), vols. 1–42. Indo-European by their origin, these names retained their use among all Slavs even after the adoption of Christianity and the assimilation of the Christian name set. The author examines the set of lexical units that occur in two-part proto-Slavic anthroponyms, the rules of their design (pure basis, truncated basis, word form) and connection with one another (the presence or absence of a connector). It is shown that the first and second parts of a compound name have different properties: the first element can be represented by verbal, substantive, adjective bases, pronominal bases, adverbs, prepositions / prefixes, while the second — only by verbal, substantive, and adjective bases. Most certainly, EDSL does not claim to incorporate all binominal anthroponyms of this type in the Proto-Slavic language but provides a clear idea on the anthroponymic and wordbuilding patterns of compounds in the Proto-Slavic language, as well as their syntactic and semantic features. These patterns are quite similar to those existing in appellative vocabulary and anthroponymic systems of other Indo-European languages. The lexical and ideographic inventory of the units indirectly refers to the value system underlying the onomastic tradition (cf. the popularity of such concepts as ‘dear,’ ‘friend,’ ‘guest,’ ‘glad,’ ‘peace,’ ‘glory,’ ‘holy,’ ‘love,’ ‘praise,’ etc.).

Command and Prohibition Utterances in Human Relationship being in Serat Wulang Reh as Javanese Local Wisdom Exploration Efforts

This study was aimed at expressing commands and prohibitions contained in Serat Wulang Reh. The object of this study was Serat Wulang Reh manuscript. The data of this study were lingual units that can be gatra (arranged) or the combination of gatra containing marker (symbol). The markers were analyzed based on the form of the basis word or derivatives of the basic words that contain af ixes and can be interpreted as a command or prohibition. The result shows that the use of markers to express commands from human to another human in Serat Wulang Reh are more varied than that are used to express prohibitions. The marker that is used to express a command has a different intensity; that are irm until fewer irms. The marker that is used to express prohibition must be avoided regarding the relationship between human with God and human’s relationship with each other has the same meaning. This is apparent on the lingual unit used by the following: aja jangan’, aywa ‘jangan’, dan nora kena ‘tidak boleh'

Organisasiestrukture van landbou-ontwikkelingsinstellings

Organization structures of agricultural development Institutions. Agriculture plays an important role in the economic activities of the developing regions of Southern Africa. The public sector has an important role to play in promoting agricultural development. This role can be fulfilled by government departments. These inititutions are, however, often restricted in this function. As a result of this, all the independent states and self-governing territories in Southern Africa have created independent institutions to undertake agricultural development. In this article, attention is firstly given to a short description of agricultural development institutions and following that, the approach in organizational design is given. An analysis of the environment in which agricultural development institutions operate is given to serve as basis for proposing a development strategy for these institutions. Based on this proposed strategy, the functions to be performed by agricultural development institutions are formulated, and an organizational structure for agricultural development institutions, is proposed.Landbou speel 'n belangrike rol in die ontwikkelende gebiede van Suider Afrika. Die openbare sektor het 'n groot verantwoordelikheid ten opsigte van die bevordering van landbou-ontwikkeling. Hierdie rol kan deur staatsdepartemente vervul word. Weens verskeie organisatoriese beperkings van sulke instellings het al die onafhanklike state en selfregerende gebiede in Suider Afrika onafhanklike korporatiewe instellings vir landbou-ontwikkeling geskep. In hierdie artikel word landbou-ontwikkelingsinstellings beskryf. Daarna volg 'n bespreking van 'n benadering tot organisasie-ontwerp. 'n Ontleding van die omgewing waarin sodanige instellings funksioneer, dien as basis vir die formulering van 'n toepaslike ontwikkelingstrategie. Met die strategie as basis word die funksies van landbou-ontwikkelingsinstellings bepaal, en 'n organisasiestruktuur voorgestel.

Bemerkungen zur Wortstellung im einfachen Deklarativsatz der modernen arabischen Schriftsprache

SummaryThis article deals with problems concerning word order in a simple statement in Arabic considering the positions of the parts of a sentence due to their valence-dependency, their syntactic function and particularly the influence of pragmatic factors. The starting point of this approach is the definition of the linear arrangement of the parts of a sentence within the topic- as well as the focus-sections. On this basis word order variation is discussed not only within the relevant section hut also beyond it.As the whole sentence is taken to be the basis for the description word order variation at the beginning of a sentence is regarded merely as a part of the more complex problem of word order variation which is examined in close connection with the description of the focus-positions possible and the communicative functions realised by them.