Kakutani equivalence for products of some special flows over rotations

We study Kakutani equivalence for products of some special flows over rotations with roof function smooth except a singularity at $0\in \mathbb {T}$ . We estimate the Kakutani invariant for products of these flows with different powers of singularities and rotations from a full measure set. As a corollary, we obtain a countable family of pairwise non-Kakutani equivalent products of special flows over rotations.

Proteolipid protein–deficient myelin promotes axonal mitochondrial dysfunction via altered metabolic coupling

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurological syndrome characterized by degeneration of central nervous system (CNS) axons. Mutated HSP proteins include myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) and axon-enriched proteins involved in mitochondrial function, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) structure, and microtubule (MT) stability/function. We characterized axonal mitochondria, SER, and MTs in rodent optic nerves where PLP is replaced by the peripheral nerve myelin protein, P0 (P0-CNS mice). Mitochondrial pathology and degeneration were prominent in juxtaparanodal axoplasm at 1 mo of age. In wild-type (WT) optic nerve axons, 25% of mitochondria–SER associations occurred on extensions of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Mitochondria–SER associations were reduced by 86% in 1-mo-old P0-CNS juxtaparanodal axoplasm. 1-mo-old P0-CNS optic nerves were more sensitive to oxygen-glucose deprivation and contained less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) than WT nerves. MT pathology and paranodal axonal ovoids were prominent at 6 mo. These data support juxtaparanodal mitochondrial degeneration, reduced mitochondria–SER associations, and reduced ATP production as causes of axonal ovoid formation and axonal degeneration.

Deformation energy of Jatropha curcas L. seeds under compression loading

The present research is a follow-up of the previous studies on mechanical behaviour of Jatropha curcas L. seeds under compression loading. The research describes in detail the deformation energy which was determined from the area under the force-deformation curve. The compression device ZDM 50-2313/56/18 with a chart recorder and pressing vessel of diameter 76 mm were used to record the force-deformation functions of varying moisture content between 8.46% and 36.50% w.b. of Jatropha curcas L. seeds. Under the force-deformation curve, three main descriptions namely the increasing function (smooth curve), wave-effect characteristics (serration effect) and whole area under the force-deformation curve were analysed. For each of the force-deformation curve descriptions, it was found that moisture content influenced the values of compressive force, deformation, deformation energy and seed hardness. Interestingly, the research findings conclude that moisture content is a primary factor contributing to the wave-effect characteristics on the force-deformation curve.  

A Piecewise Function Smooth Strength Envelope Model

The method of trigonometric series is one of widely used methods for calculating artificial ground motion. But using this method the speed of time, it was found that the zero line must exist the phenomenon of drift. This text fore person the foundation of the research up, a kind of more perfect model of differentiable nonsingular strength envelope function is proposed .a better resolve this problem. Passing the calculation proved that the new method is reasonable and effective.

Higher-order schemes for 3D first-arrival traveltimes and amplitudes

In the geometrical-optics approximation for the Helmholtz equation with a point source, traveltimes and amplitudes have upwind singularities at the point source. Hence, both first-order and higher-order finite-difference solvers exhibit formally at most first-order convergence and relatively large errors. Such singularities can be factored out by factorizing traveltimes and amplitudes, where one factor is specified to capture the corresponding source singularity and the other factor is an unknown function smooth near the source. The resulting underlying unknown functions satisfy factored eikonal and transport equations, respectively. A third-order Lax-Friedrichs scheme is designed to compute the underlying functions. Thus, highly accurate first-arrival traveltimes and reliable amplitudes can be computed. Furthermore, asymptotic wavefields are constructed using computed traveltimes and amplitudes in the WKBJ form. Two-dimensional and 3D examples demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms, and the constructed WKBJ Green’s functions are in good agreement with direct solutions of the Helmholtz equation before caustics occur.

Small G Proteins as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Medicine

Small G proteins are implicated in regulation of endothelial function, smooth muscle cell contraction, proliferation, and migration, as well as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Targeting small G proteins and their downstream signaling could constitute promising therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, hypertension, vasospasm, and cardiac hypertrophy.