Measuring spatial price differentials at the basic heading level: a comparison of stochastic index number methods

Spatial price comparisons rely to a high degree on the quality of the underlying price data that are collected within or across countries. Below the basic heading level, these price data often exhibit large gaps. Therefore, stochastic index number methods like the Country–Product–Dummy (CPD) method and the Gini–Eltetö–Köves–Szulc (GEKS) method are utilised for the aggregation of the price data into higher-level indices. Although the two index number methods produce differing price level estimates when prices are missing, the present paper demonstrates that both can be derived from exactly the same stochastic model. For a specific case of missing prices, it is shown that the formula underlying these price level estimates differs between the two methods only in weighting. The impact of missing prices on the efficiency of the price level estimates is analysed in two simulation studies. It can be shown that the CPD method slightly outperforms the GEKS method. Using micro data of Germany’s Consumer Price Index, it can be observed that more narrowly defined products improve estimation efficiency.

SISTEM PENGELUARAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL PADA PT BANK BTN (PERSERO) KANTOR WILAYAH V MAKASSAR

The research aims to find out the Operating Cost Expenditure System at PT Bank BTN (persero) Regional Office V Makassar. The research used descriptive qualitative,where the researcher described the results of observations and analyzed the data. The writing research conducted in March 2019 to May 2019. After analyzing and discussing the problem, the researcher concluded that the Operating Expenditure System at PT Bank BTN (Persero) Makassar V Regional Office arranged in the Order to Pay PT Bank BTN (persero) V Regional Office Makassar. Operating system expenditure on PT Bank BTN (persero) Makassar V Regional Office is for the procurement of goods and services, then price comparisons will be made based on third party offerings, then based on what offer will be agreed in the form of monthly, quarterly, semester or annual. Most of the PKS (cooperation agreements) are in monthly form so that the third partner will collect every month and will be paid by the officer.

Implementation of Zhu - Takaoka Algorithm on Web-Based Smartphone Price Comparison Applications

This research is motivated by the rise of online buying and selling sites that provide products that are the same as the price differences at each site, from these problems, the authors provide an option by combining several online buying and selling service sites in one website by comparing smartphone prices with the brands provided namely Samsung, Asus, Sony, Lenovo, Nokia, Apple and Xiaomi. Some trusted online buying and selling sites are able to present a variety of information on consumer needs, one of which is its special price competition in the smartphone buying and selling competition which makes the prices in each site online buying and selling services vary even in the same product. Seeing the conditions that occur, where each item displayed in each site has different prices, then consumers are required to be observant in choosing the items sought. Consumers will choose manually by visiting a site that provides goods as a price comparison. Thus consumers will spend a lot of time just looking for price comparisons of one product offered by each site by accessing sites one by one The zhu-takaoka algorithm is one of the string matching algorithms that can do a word search with many shifts with an array of 2 (two) dimensions. The core process of the zhu-takaoka algorithm is to do a word search with the Right-to-left scan rule technique. Each shift in the word search process determines the shift values in the Good Suffix Shift Rule table and Bad-Charcter Shift Rule. With this algorithm, it is expected to facilitate the user in the search process price comparison.

Assessing Data Sources for Medicine Price Studies

ObjectivesThere is no established methodology to assess the feasibility of medicine price data sources. Against this backdrop, a framework to guide the selection of most appropriate price data sources for pharmacoeconomic research has been developed.MethodsA targeted literature review was carried out. Dimensions discussed in literature as relevant for medicine price comparisons and practical experience of the authors in medicine price studies informed the conceptional work of the framework development. A draft version of the framework was reviewed by peer pricing experts. The feasibility of the framework was tested in case studies.ResultsAccording to the developed framework (called Re-ADAPT), a medicine price data source should meet the following criteria: reliability and sustainability; accessibility at a cost that users can afford; provision of medicine price information at the date(s) required; information for the defined geographic area, or at least in a representative way; coverage of the pharmaceuticals and at the price type(s) required. Easy handling and provision of additional information were defined as supportive assets of candidate data sources (secondary criteria). The case studies confirmed the feasibility of the Re-ADAPT framework. In some cases, however, it can be difficult to disentangle assessment criteria (particularly geographic area, scope of pharmaceuticals and price types) for separate consideration, given their interlinkage.ConclusionsWhile selection of the most appropriate data sources will remain a challenge, the Re-ADAPT framework aims to provide practical guidance and thus contribute to a more careful, balanced, and evidence-based selection of data sources for medicine price studies.

DISBALANCE BETWEEN TAX ASSESSMENTS AND MARKET PRICES OF REAL ESTATE

The research aims to show some deficiencies in the legal framework including the formation and of property tax assessment and their deviation from the market values. Experimental results of price comparisons of market values in 1 BGN per 1 sq.m. are compared three groups of properties (apartment, house and plot) in selected settlements - district centers. Compare the prices of these properties advertised on a national real estate site and the average price of residential property, according to NSI data with the conditionally calculated value of a tax assessment for each type of property under review. Trends are established for the three-year period and general conclusions are established. Based on the results of the study, some key guidelines are proposed for the formulation of the tax assessment distribution, as well as a forecast / deficit-forecasting model that is formed in municipal budgets as a result of the disproportion between valuations and real prices.