Construction and validation of an instrument for classifying nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding

ABSTRACT Objectives: to construct and validate a classification of nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding, according to content and appearance. Methods: this is a methodological study, developed in four stages: operational definition, instrument construction, content and appearance validation. The Delphi technique and a Likert-type scale were used to validate content and appearance, through the participation of ten and sixteen judges, respectively. For analysis, Content Validity Index and Kappa Coefficient were applied. Results: Content Validity Index obtained an overall value of 0.93 and, for appearance, 0.94. Kappa values ranged between 0.46 and 1. The high rates of agreement among judges demonstrated the quality of the proposed content validity. Conclusions: the Nipple and Areola Complex Lesions Classification Instrument developed obtained acceptable values of its indexes, proving to be valid in terms of content and appearance.

Konstruksi Instrumen Penilaian Baca Tulis Quran (BTQ) Di IAIN Pekalongan

This study aims to develop a valid BTQ matriculation assessment instrument based on the indicators of the BTQ assessment program at IAIN Pekalongan. This type of research is research development with a quantitative descriptive approach. The floating stage includes the preparation of test specifications, expert validation, trials, and product implementation. Data collection techniques and instruments through observation and questionnaires are presented in the form of test items to analyze the suitability of competency standards in each component. The results of this study indicate that 16 items representing BTQ assessment instrument indicators meet valid criteria with the results of the validity of 4 aspects (tajwid, fashohah, gharib, adab) the greatest factor load of 1.05 on the accuracy indicator of reading the law of Imalah and isymam, while the lowest is 0.81 at indicator of reading the Qur'an by closing the genitals. The results of the BTQ instrument construction analysis meet 8 of 9 index criteria of goodness of fit so that it can be used in measuring the ability to read the Qur'an

Foreign language teacher competences as perceived by English language and literature students

This paper considers competences of the foreign language teacher in the Republic of Cro-atia. Despite the clear classifi cation of foreign language teacher competences on a primary level, which was developed within the TEMPUS project, no reliable instrument has yet been constructed to account for those competences. The purpose of my research was to investigate the metric characteristics of an instrument which could be useful for determining foreign language teacher competences in the Republic of Croatia. A questionnaire was applied to 126 study participants (bachelor and master English language and literature students). The fi nal version of the questionnaire consisted of eighteen items and four factors, which were extrac-ted using exploratory factor analysis. The results have shown that the developed instrument is not fully applicable to the Croatian foreign language learning context. Still, some of its aspects may be used in future instrument construction.

Discovery and Instrumentation: How Surplus Knowledge Contributes to Progress in Science

An important fact about human labor is that it can result not just in reproduction of what it started with, but in something new, a surplus product. When the latter is a means of production, it makes possible a mechanism of change consisting of reproduction by means of the expanded means of production. Each iteration of the labor process can differ from the preceding one insofar as it incorporates the surplus generated previously. Over the long-term, this cyclical process can lead to the self-transformation of labor and, through it, of human societies and cultures. In this paper, I argue that this mechanism of change is also at work in the history of science. I argue that the form this mechanism takes in science is that of a feedback loop between discovery and instrument construction. This process requires the integration, and transformation into material form, of different kinds of knowledge. Based on this mechanism, I defend a concept of scientific progress as transcendence of the limitations of native human epistemic abilities. I also criticize narrowly biologistic approaches to the history of science for ignoring the role of surplus generation in transforming the labor process, and discuss some problems associated with viewing science as labor.

Validação de checklist para avaliação da capacitação com simulação clínica do atendimento ao paciente séptico

Aims: Development and validation of the contents of a checklist to evaluate the qualification of health professionals in septic patient care with clinical simulation.Method: instrument validation study, with two-stage structural design: instrument construction and validation of the checklist contents using the Delphi technique in two rounds.Results: The content validation was composed of ten items and forty-three sub-items analyzed by the evaluators. Through the Content Validity Index, four items with strong validation evidence were identified, Content Validity Index ≥ 0.8. We restructured the checklist according to the evaluators recommendations, maintaining the ten items, but reducing them to twenty-six sub-items, which in the second round Delphi presented a percentage of agreement above 80% for all variables relevant to the instrument.Conclusion: This method was effective to validate the checklist contents that will evaluate the qualification of health professionals in septic patient care, through clinical simulation. Objetivo: Construir y validar el contenido de un checklist para evaluación de la capacitación de profesionales del área de la salud en la atención al paciente séptico con simulación clínica.Método: Estudio de validación metodológica de instrumento, con delineamiento estructural en dos etapas: construcción del instrumento y validación de contenido del checklist utilizando la técnica Delphi en dos rondas.Resultados: La validación de contenido fue compuesta por diez ítems y cuarenta y tres subítems analizados por los evaluadores. A través del Índice de Validez de Contenido, se identificaron cuatro ítems con fuerte evidencia de validación, Índice de Validez de Contenido ≥ 0,8. En la segunda ronda Delphi presentó un porcentaje de concordancia superior al 80% para todas las variables pertinentes al instrumento. Se reestructuró el checklist según recomendaciones de los evaluadores, manteniendo los diez ítems, pero con reducción para veintiséis subítems, que en la segunda ronda Delphi presentó un porcentaje de concordancia superior al 80% para todas las variables pertinentes al instrumento.Conclusión: Método fue eficaz para validar el contenido de un checklist que evaluará la capacitación de profesionales de la salud en la atención al paciente séptico, por medio de simulación clínica. Objetivos: Construir e validar o conteúdo de um checklist para avaliação da capacitação de profissionais da área da saúde no atendimento ao paciente séptico com simulação clínica.Método: Estudo de validação metodológica de instrumento, com delineamento estrutural em duas etapas: construção do instrumento e validação de conteúdo do checklist utilizando a técnica Delphi em duas rodadas. Resultados: A validação de conteúdo foi composta por dez itens e quarenta e três subitens analisados pelos avaliadores. Por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, identificaram-se quatro itens com forte evidência de validação, Índice de Validade de Conteúdo ≥ 0,8. Reestruturou o checklist conforme recomendações dos avaliadores, mantendo os dez itens, porém com redução para vinte e seis subitens, que na 2ª rodada Delphi apresentou percentual de concordância acima de 80% para todas as variáveis pertinentes ao instrumento. Conclusão: Método foi eficaz para validar o conteúdo de um checklist que avaliará a capacitação de profissionais da saúde no atendimento ao paciente séptico, por meio de simulação clínica.

Construção e validação de conteúdo de formulário para pacientes sépticos

RESUMO Objetivo: construir um instrumento para a coleta de dados de pacientes com sepse de foco abdominal em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico, de construção e validação de conteúdo, realizado em três etapas: revisão integrativa da literatura; construção do instrumento e validação de conteúdo do instrumento. Apresentaram-se os resultados em forma de figuras. Resultados: validou-se o instrumento por 23 juízes, sendo 18 (78,3%) enfermeiros e cinco (21,7%) médicos. Aponta-se que o instrumento resultou em 84 variáveis divididas em seis domínios. Constata-se que, após as contribuições, todos os avaliadores julgaram que os itens são suficientes. Conclusão: conclui-se que o instrumento construído é válido, segundo os especialistas, para a coleta de dados de forma sistematizada dos pacientes sépticos de foco abdominal em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Descritores: Estudos de Validação; Sepse; Abdome; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva; Coleta de Dados; Fatores de Risco.ABSTRACT Objective: to construct an instrument for the collection of data from patients with sepsis of abdominal focus in Intensive Care Units (ICU). Method: this is a methodological study, construction and validation of content, carried out in three stages: integrative literature review; instrument construction and validation of instrument content. The results were presented in the form of figures. Results: the instrument was validated by 23 judges, of which 18 (78.3%) were nurses and five (21.7%) were physicians. It is pointed out that the instrument resulted in 84 variables divided into six domains. It is noted that, after the contributions, all the evaluators judged that the items are sufficient. Conclusion: it is concluded that the instrument constructed is valid, according to experts, for systematic data collection of septic patients with abdominal focus in Intensive Care Units. Descriptors: Validation Studies; Sepsis; Abdomen; Intensive Care Units; Data collection; Risk factors.RESUMEN Objetivo: construir un instrumento para la recolección de datos de pacientes con sepsis de foco abdominal en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: se trata de un estudio metodológico, de construcción y validación de contenido, realizado en tres etapas: revisión integrativa de la literatura; construcción del instrumento y validación de contenido del instrumento. Se presentaron los resultados en forma de figuras. Resultados: se validó el instrumento por 23 jueces, siendo 18 (78,3%) enfermeros y cinco (21,7%) médicos. Se señala que el instrumento resultó en 84 variables divididas en seis dominios. Se constata que, después de las contribuciones, todos los evaluadores juzgaron que los ítems son suficientes. Conclusión: se concluye que el instrumento construido es válido, según los especialistas, para la recolección de datos de forma sistematizada de los pacientes sépticos de foco abdominal en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Descriptores: Estudios de Validación; sepsis; abdomen; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva; Recolección de datos; Factores de Riesgo.

Polyphony

This chapter situates the extensive phenomenon of musical polyphony globally, taking typological and historical/material approaches in turn, and interspersing applications of comparative method that crosscut both. The typological method involves first considering the elemental aspects of musical sounds and the ways they can be combined, individually and in sequences, to create patterns we recognize as belonging to one of several polyphonic categories. The historical/material approach surveys the development of polyphony in European art music over a millennial span with respect to advances in technology, which drive changes in musical instrument construction, music notation, temperament, and music’s social context. Interspersed throughout are comparative analyses juxtaposing musical homonyms from starkly different world traditions, and musical synonyms from different historical moments within the same tradition.

A methodological synthesis of self-paced reading in second language research

ABSTRACTSelf-paced reading tests (SPRs) are being increasingly adopted by second language (L2) researchers. Using SPR with L2 populations presents specific challenges, and its use is still evolving in L2 research (as well as in first language research, in many respects). Although the topic of several narrative overviews (Keating & Jegerski, 2015; Roberts, 2016), we do not have a comprehensive picture of its usage in L2 research. Building on the growing body of systematic reviews of research practices in applied linguistics (e.g., Liu & Brown, 2015; Plonsky, 2013), we report a methodological synthesis of the rationales, study contexts, and methodological decision making in L2 SPR research. Our comprehensive search yielded 74 SPRs used in L2 research. Each instrument was coded along 121 parameters, including: reported rationales and study characteristics, indicating the scope and nature of L2 SPR research agendas; design and analysis features and reporting practices, determining instrument validity and reliability; and materials transparency, affecting reproducibility and systematicity of agendas. Our findings indicate an urgent need to standardize the use and reporting of this technique, requiring empirical investigation to inform methodological decision making. We also identify several areas (e.g., study design, sample demographics, instrument construction, data analysis, and transparency) where SPR research could be improved to enrich our understanding of L2 processing, reading, and learning.