Gorbachev’s Peaceful Revolution from Above

Gorbachev did not anticipate how far he would have to go to lead the communist party and his country out of the “era of stagnation” he inherited from Brezhnev. But as he started to implement policies, the obstacles became clearer and he responded with radicalization. This led to democratization of political authority relationships through increasingly free elections. Ultimately, the system collapsed as social polarization intensified and Boris Yeltsin outflanked Gorbachev to discredit the latter’s effort to create a “democratic socialism.”

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was launched by Mao as a reaction against the rationalizing policies of 1960–1965. It was at once a power struggle, a civil war, a purge of cadres and critical intelligentsia, an effort to reverse authority relationships within society, and a romantic-revolutionary crusade to instill revolutionary consciousness in the masses.

The global politics paradigm: guide to the future or only the recent past?

Michael Zürn's A Theory of Global Governance is a major theoretical statement. The first section of this essay summarizes Zürn's argument, pointing out that his Global Politics Paradigm views contestation as generated endogenously from the dilemmas and contradictions of reflexive authority relationships. Authoritative international institutions, he maintains, have difficulty maintaining their legitimacy in a world suffused with democratic values. The second section systematically compares Zürn's Global Politics Paradigm with both Realism and Cooperation Theory, arguing that the three paradigms have different scope conditions and are therefore as much complementary as competitive. The third section questions the relevance of Zürn's argument to contemporary reality. Great power conflict and authoritarian populism in formerly democratic countries generate existential threats to multilateralism and global institutions that are more serious than Zürn's legitimacy deficits.

International NGOs, Transnational Civil Society, and Global Public Policy

Over the last three decades, transnational civil society (TCS) gained status as a legitimate player in the global policy arena, across policy issues such as health, human rights, and development, and in stages of the global policy process, including agenda setting, problem definition, and monitoring/evaluation. However, TCS grapples with challenges related to power and authority relationships, democratic structures and values, and long-term effectiveness and accountability. These challenges impede the ability of TCS to exert direct influence in global policy making. By increasing its capacity as a local, bridging actor, and by expanding participation across more policy issues and in additional stages of the policy process, TCS can achieve greater influence in global policy.

(Dis)obedience in U.S. American young adults: A new way to describe authority relationships

The present research aims to investigate the psychosocial phenomena of obedience and disobedience in young adults residing in the United States, as a replication of a previous study by Pozzi, Fattori, Bocchiaro, and Alfieri (2014). We utilize social representation theory as a means to better understand and define (dis)obedience, a behavioral dimension of the concept of authority. The analysis was conducted using a concurrent mixed methods design. One hundred and fifty-one participants completed a self-report online questionnaire. The results indicate that participants see both obedience and disobedience as related to an authority. Obedience was mostly perceived as an ability to be responsive to laws, social norms, or physical authorities, as well as a positive social object. Disobedience, instead, was defined as a failure of a negative line of conduct. These results differ from previous research, contributing meaningfully and pragmatically to the theoretical debate on (dis)obedience. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Hubungan Kewenangan Pemerintah dengan Desa

The relationship between government and village authority can be viewed from the perspective of the relationship between the government and the village. It can also be seen from the relationship in authority to run preprint abstract: the wheels of government in the region based on the aspirations of the people. These relationships have four important dimensions to be observed, including institutional, financial, supervisory and authority relationships. Efforts are made in overcoming the problems that arise in the implementation of authority relations between the central and regional governments. The usefulness of research in theory is to be able to enrich science in the implementation of government and local performance, made the beginning material in other studies that discuss issues related to the relationship of government and regional authority and increase the main scientific insights related to local government law.

Hubungan Kewenangan PemerintahdenganDesa

The relationship between government and village authority can be viewed from the perspective of the relationship between the government and the village. It can also be seen from the relationship in authority to run preprint abstract; the wheels of government in the region based on the aspirations of the people. These relationships have four important dimensions to be observed, including institutional, financial, supervisory and authority relationships. Efforts are made in overcoming the problems that arise in the implementation of authority relations between the central and regional governments. The usefulness of research in theory is to be able to enrich science in the implementation of government and local performance, made the beginning material in other studies that discuss issues related to the relationship of government and regional authority and increase the main scientific insights related to local government law.

FUNCTIONS OF SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATIONS: CONTENT AND PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION

The subject. The article is devoted to the description of the basic functions of self-regulating organizations: regulatory, control, organizational and security, jurisdictional.The purpose of the article is to explore the content features of self-regulating organizations, to identify problems in their implementation and offer recommendations for their solution.Methodology. The methodological basis for the study: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, description); private and academic (interpretation, formal-legal method).Results, scope. Under self-regulation this article is to understand the management activities carried out by self-regulatory organizations, and consisting in the development and establishment of standards and rules of professional activity, as well as sanctions for non-compliance or inadequate performance. Set forth in the Law on SRO powers to self-regulating organizations United by the author and summarized as to their functions – activities of the SRO. The main functions of the SRO as special entities, the following:– regulatory, which manifests itself in the development of standards and rules, conditions of membership in self-regulating organizations and other internal documents SRO;– control: self-regulating organizations exercise control over the professional activities of its members;– organizational and security: an example of this function is the maintenance of the register of members of the SRO, ensuring property liability of members of self-regulating organizations to consumers of goods (works, services) and other persons forming management authorities of the self-regulating organization, lodging of statutory documents and information on the official website of SRO;– jurisdictional: SRO consider complaints against actions of members of self-regulating organization and cases on breaches of its members of the standards and rules of self-regulating organizations, conditions of membership in self-regulating organization, apply disciplinary measures against its members.Conclusions. The combination of ongoing self-regulating organizations against their members functions determines features of the legal status of SRO.Analysis of peculiarities of self-regulating organizations of these functions has allowed the author come to the conclusion that, at present, administrative and legal status of self-regulating organizations in need of further refinement, since the content of normative legal acts regulating relations in the sphere of self-regulation, often contradictory and requires improvement.In the case of mandatory self-regulation SRO vested with the special administrative-legal status, carry out in relation to their member state authority, which means that the implementation of these authority relationships are vertical.