Strategies of Forestry Carbon Sink under Forest Insurance and Subsidies

We take the forest insurance supply chain, composed of a forestry enterprise and an insurance company, as the research object. The forestry carbon sink, operated by the forestry enterprise, is the subject matter of insurance. The Stackelberg game model is constructed to study the optimal strategies of the forestry enterprise and insurance company under the forest insurance mechanism, as well as the impact of government subsidies, probability of deforestation, and carbon limit level on the decision-making and profit of the forestry enterprise and insurance company. The results show that the larger the carbon limit, the looser carbon restraint policy, which causes the forestry enterprise to reduce the scale of carbon sink forest, and the insurance company lowers the premium level. As the probability of deforestation increases, both the scale of the carbon sink forest and the premium level will decrease. Direct subsidies for the premiums of the forestry enterprise are conducive to expanding the scale of carbon sink forest, but will lead to the insurance company improving the premium level. Providing indirect subsidies to the insurance company’s operating costs will not only expand the scale of the carbon sink forest, but also lower the premium level. In the case of the same number of premium subsidies, indirect subsidies are more effective than direct subsidies in increasing the forestry enterprise’s income and promoting it to expand the forest scale.

Research on forest insurance policy simulation in China

Purpose Forest insurance is a popular way to reduce the loss of forest disasters, so it is necessary to actively involve stakeholders. In the multi-agent simulation model, the government, insurance companies and forest farmers participate as three main stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to mainly simulate the behavior of forest farmers under different environmental variables in order to find the important factors affecting the coverage of forest insurance, so as to improve the ability of forest farmers to resist risks in the face of disasters. Design/methodology/approach In the simulation process, the decision-making rule of a forest farmer’s purchasing behavior is a binary selection chain, which is created at random. Forest farmer agents who adapt to the environment will remain; on the contrary, those will be eliminated. The eliminated agents will renew their behavior selection chains through learning others’ successful behavior based on genetic algorithm. The multi-agent mode is set up on the Eclipse platform by using Java language. Findings The adjustment simulation experiments of insurance premium, insurance subsidy and forest area were carried out. According to the result, conclusions and suggestions are as follows: at present, government subsidies are necessary for the implementation of forest insurance; in the future, with the expansion of the insured forest area and the upgrading and large-scale operation of forest farms, forest farmers will be more willing to join forest insurance program, and, then, the implementation of forest insurance no longer requires government subsidies for forest insurance premiums. Originality/value This paper explores the impact of three important factors on the implementation of forest insurance.

COST OF FOREST INSURANCE IN THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF EUCALYPTUS PLANTS

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to carry out economic and risk assessment of eucalyptus plantations located in Minas Gerais, considering the influence of the cost of forest insurance, evidencing its impact on the project. The costs of implementation and driving come from eucalyptus plantations located in the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais. The cost of forest insurance was obtained through a simulation of a quote from an insurer. For the economic evaluation, the Net Present Value (NPV), the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the Equivalent Periodic Benefit (EPB) were used. The risk sensitivity analysis was performed by the Monte Carlo method. The economic analysis was considered viable by all indicators used in all three situations. However, by the analysis of investment risk, we have a probability of 11.5% chance of NPV being below zero in situation 1, 18.5% in situation 2 and 25% in situation 3. The cost of Forest insurance increases the likelihood of negative value for economic indicators, as it increases the cost of the project, but it was input that less influenced the final value of the NPV. The government grant reduces the likelihood of investment risk as it lowers the cost of forest insurance.

AVALIAÇÃO DA COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DOS SEGUROS FLORESTAIS NO BRASIL

Este estudo realizou uma avaliação da comercialização dos seguros de florestais do Brasil, a fim de quantificar o seu comércio, bem como precificar o seu valor para plantios florestais do país. Os dados utilizados foram do Programa de Subvenção do Seguro Rural, no período de 2006 a 2015 e a simulação da cotação dos seguros de florestas foi feita por meio de um questionário de cotação automática de uma seguradora. Foram simuladas cotações para todas as espécies e todos os tipos de coberturas disponíveis no questionário, sendo elas: Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp., Araucaria angustifolia, Hevea brasiliensis, Tectona grandis, Toona ciliat, Khaya ivorensis, Schizolobium amazonicum e Acacia spp., com cobertura básica (incêndio e raio) e coberturas adicionais (fenômenos meteorológicos: chuva excessiva, granizo, geada, seca e tromba d’água), ventos fortes e queda de aeronave. Apesar da área coberta por seguro de florestas integradas ao PSR representar um porcentual baixo das florestas totais plantadas no país, o mercado deve ser considerado promissor, pois percebe-se um aumento significativo da contratação deste seguro desde o ano de implementação do PSR. Os fatores que mais influenciam o valor do prêmio do seguro são: a espécie a ser segurada, o seu ciclo, idade, a finalidade de uso da madeira e o tipo de cobertura desejada na contratação da apólice do seguro.Palavras-chave: Programa de Subvenção do Seguro Rural, mercado florestal, seguro rural. EVALUATION OF THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF THE FOREST INSURANCE IN BRAZIL ABSTRACT:This study aims to make a diagnosis of the commercialization of the forest insurance of the Rural Insurance Subsidy Program of Brazil, in order to quantify its trade, as well as to price its value for the country's forest plantations. The data used are of a historical series between the years of 2006 to 2015 and the simulation of the forest insurance quotation was made through an automatic insurer quotation questionnaire. Quotations were simulated for all species and all types of hedges available in the questionnaire, including: Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp., Araucaria angustifolia, Hevea brasiliensis, Tectona grandis, Toona ciliat, Khaya ivorensis, Schizolobium amazonicum e Acacia spp., with basic cover (fire and lightning) and additional coverages (meteorological phenomena: heavy rain, hail, frost, drought and water), strong winds and falling aircraft. To price the insurance, quotes were made with an insurer. Although the area covered by forest insurance integrated with the PSR represents a low percentage of the total planted forests in the country, the market should be considered promising, since there is a significant increase in the contracting of this insurance since the year of implementation of the PSR. The factors that most influence the value of the insurance premium are: the species to be insured, its cycle, age, the purpose of use of the wood and the type of desired coverage in the contracting of the insurance policy.Keywords: Rural Insurance Subsidy Program, forestry market, rural insurance. DOI: