Unraveling the Effects of Tropical Cyclones on Economic Sectors Worldwide: Direct and Indirect Impacts

This paper examines the current, lagged, and indirect effects of tropical cyclones on annual sectoral growth worldwide. The main explanatory variable is a new damage measure for local tropical cyclone intensity based on meteorological data weighted for individual sectoral exposure, which is included in a panel analysis for a maximum of 205 countries over the 1970–2015 period. I find a significantly negative influence of tropical cyclones on two sector aggregates including agriculture, as well as trade and tourism. In subsequent years, tropical cyclones negatively affect the majority of all sectors. However, the Input–Output analysis shows that production processes are sticky and indirect economic effects are limited.

Identification and assessment of direct and indirect economic effects of the sports sector on the economy

The sports sector makes a significant multilateral contribution to the development of economic systems. This study examines the scale and structure of the impact of the sports sector on the economy. Direct and indirect effects of such an impact are highlighted. The significance of the indirect socio-economic effects of major sporting events is illustrated by the example of the 2013 Universiade project in Kazan. On the basis of empirical data, the growth of sports activity of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan during the Universiade is shown. Using previously obtained econometric models on the indirect effects of the growth of the sports activity of the population, the indirect socio-economic effects of the Universiade were estimated: the infrastructural effect, a decrease in health care costs, an increase in labor productivity, additional income from tourism, and the creation of additional social capital. An extended model for assessing the payback of large sporting events, including investments in the infrastructure capital of the region and a number of intangible assets, is proposed and tested.

Cost-effectiveness of adrenaline for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Background The ‘Prehospital Assessment of the Role of Adrenaline: Measuring the Effectiveness of Drug Administration In Cardiac Arrest’ (PARAMEDIC2) trial showed that adrenaline improves overall survival, but not neurological outcomes. We sought to determine the within-trial and lifetime health and social care costs and benefits associated with adrenaline, including secondary benefits from organ donation. Methods We estimated the costs, benefits (quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) associated with adrenaline during the 6-month trial follow-up. Model-based analyses explored how results altered when the time horizon was extended beyond 6 months and the scope extended to include recipients of donated organs. Results The within-trial (6 months) and lifetime horizon economic evaluations focussed on the trial population produced ICERs of £1,693,003 (€1,946,953) and £81,070 (€93,231) per QALY gained in 2017 prices, respectively, reflecting significantly higher mean costs and only marginally higher mean QALYs in the adrenaline group. The probability that adrenaline is cost-effective was less than 1% across a range of cost-effectiveness thresholds. Combined direct economic effects over the lifetimes of survivors and indirect economic effects in organ recipients produced an ICER of £16,086 (€18,499) per QALY gained for adrenaline with the probability that adrenaline is cost-effective increasing to 90% at a £30,000 (€34,500) per QALY cost-effectiveness threshold. Conclusions Adrenaline was not cost-effective when only directly related costs and consequences are considered. However, incorporating the indirect economic effects associated with transplanted organs substantially alters cost-effectiveness, suggesting decision-makers should consider the complexity of direct and indirect economic impacts of adrenaline. Trial registration ISRCTN73485024. Registered on 13 March 2014.

Direct and indirect impact of federal transfer to individuals and to the government of Puerto Rico.

The Puerto Rico Planning Board classifies individual transfer payments into two categories: “earned transfers” and “granted” transfers. The purpose of this work is to estimate the direct and indirect economic effects of federal and other transfer payments to Puerto Rico using two input-output models and two vectors of employment and income coefficients base on tables for years 1992 and 2002. The economic impacts were estimated for three economic indicators namely, gross output, direct and indirect employment and direct and indirect wage income. The results presented in this work shows that the argument that Puerto Ricans enjoy relatively generous income supplements and retirement benefits without imposing heavy tax burdens on highly compensated workers failed to distinguish that most of the transfer payments to individuals were in the category of earned transfers. It is doubtful that this type of transfer “impose heavy tax burdens” to American taxpayers. Since we are an open economy most of the income generated by transfer to individuals is spent of goods and services a substantial amount of which comes from United States. It is also doubtful that earned transfer to individuals (especially transfers in the form of pensions and payments to veterans) have any significant impact on the labor force participation rate or the incentives to work.