Contribution of Ternary Reaction to Pd Sorption on MX-80 in Na-Ca-Cl Solution at High Ionic Strength

In this study, we first examined the sorption of Pd on MX-80 in Na-Ca-ClO4 solution as a function of pHc (3–9) and ionic strength (0.1 M–4 M) and confirmed that the experimentally derived Kd values could be fitted by a 2-site protolysis nonelectrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange (2SPNE SC/CE) model using three binary surface complexation constants previously estimated. Then, we investigated the sorption of Pd on MX-80 in Na-Ca-Cl-ClO4 solution as a function of pHc (3–9) and Cl-/ClO4- molar concentration ratio (0–∞) at the ionic strength = 4 M. We found that the sorption of Pd on MX-80 in Na-Ca-Cl-ClO4 solution could be simulated only by the three binary and one ternary surface complexations (S-OH+Pd2++4Cl-↔S-OPdCl43-+H+). This suggests that the contribution of other ternary surface complexations such as ≡S-OH + Pd2++xCl-↔ ≡S-OPdClxx-1-+H+ (x = 1, 2 and 3) to Pd sorption in Na-Ca-Cl-ClO4 solution with ionic strength = 4 M was negligibly small.

ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS OF FRAGMENTS PRODUCED IN TERNARY REACTION OF 197Au+197Au AT 15 A MeV

Angular distributions of fragments have been studied for 197 Au +197 Au ternary reactions at bombarding energy 15 A MeV by an improved quantum molecular dynamics model. The calculated results are qualitatively in agreement with the experimental data. Through analyzing the angular distributions of fragments, it is shown that in semi-peripheral collisions 197 Au +197 Au interacting system often reseparates into three massive fragments which are almost aligned in space along the separation axis. The anisotropic distribution in azimuthal angle ϕ shows that the projectile-like fragment (PLF) or target-like fragment (TLF) breaks up violently, reflecting nonequilibrium effects in the consecutive reseparation. The time scale elapsing from the scission of the binary PLF+TLF system to the secondary scission of PLF or TLF is estimated to be of about 80 fm /c. It is found that the distribution in Θ cm depends on the impact parameter, and its peak seems to be moving and narrowing with increasing impact parameter. Its asymptotic peak value is in agreement with the grazing angle. The shift of the peak value of Θ cm implies that the collective energy dissipation depends on impact parameter and decreases with impact parameter increasing since the exchange of nucleons becomes less frequent during the reaction process.