Energy Recovery by Production of Electricity from Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste in the Saharan Environment

Anaerobic digestion is a natural process of transforming organic matter into energy by methanogenic bacteria. This process is performed in the digesters in the absence of oxygen, they produce biogas composed mainly of methane (CH4) which is a combustible natural gas we can used in everyday life. In this work, we produced biogas using a continuous digester with a capacity of 4m3 and after the biogas purification; we used methane produced to run the generator to produce electricity. The results are very encouraging, where we have to produce electricity and cover the daily needs of the Algerian individual in electricity using 1m3 of biogas from our digester

Comparative performance evaluation of four photovoltaic technologies in saharan climates of Algeria: ghardaïa pilot station

The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation of the performancerate of four different photovoltaic techniques in the Saharan environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate, analyse, discuss and illustrate the most effective of the different photovoltaic cell technologies (monocrystalline , amorphous silicon , poly-crystalline silicon and cadmium telluridethin film ) installed in Ghardaia which is located in southern of Algeria’s Sahara desert. In order to choose the most suitable technology in the Saharan climate conditions, the energy values produced by the plant were compared to those found by the PVSYST sizing software. The results show that thin-film and amorphous silicon panels produce low illumination, so they are the best choice for the Saharan environment.

Evaluation of DNA conservation in Nile-Saharan environment, Missiminia, in Nubia: Tracking maternal lineage of “X-Group”

ObjectiveWe assessed DNA conservation using a range of archaeological skeletal samples from Sudan (Missiminia in Upper Nubia, 350 B.C.E to 1400 C.E) from the unfavorable conditions of the Saharan milieu and humidity of the Nile valley by tracking maternal lineage on the ‘X-Group’ (Ballaneans).MethodWe were able to extract, amplify, and sequence mt-DNA HVS-I (Sanger sequencing method) from 11 petrous bone samples, eight for the X-Group set and three for the reference set (one Christian, one Late Meroitic, and one Meroitic).ResultsIt was possible to find the haplogroups (L1b, L2, L3, H2, N, T1a, X and W) and to carry out comparative data analysis in relation to haplogroup data cited in the literature. This investigation into the maternal lineage of X-Group (350 to 500 C.E.) origins allowed us to validate the efficiency of petrous bone sampling from ancient human remains from the Nile-Saharan milieu and established that the Ballaneans experienced an in-situ development with more admixture from the Levant region and North Africa.ConclusionsOur study used mt-DNA (HVS-I) to look for the biological origins of the X-Group from Upper-Nubia and demonstrated the feasibility of ancient DNA research on skeletons from the Nile-Saharan environment. The use of Next Sequencing Generation (NGS) should optimize and improve the detection of shorter DNA strands and their sequencing in complete genomes from ancient skeletal remains (petrous bones) from hot and humid environments.

Changes in Renal Parameters during a Training Camp among Handball Players in the Sub-Saharan Environment

The aim of the study was to describe the changes in kidney parameters induced by 10 days of tapering (TP) during a training camp (TC), where the players were preparing for a group competition, in 15 female handball team members of a Division 1 Amateur of Benin, in the sub-Saharan environment. Measures were taken in all the players before and after the intensive training (IT) and tapering (TP) phases in an intervention study. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with the CKD-EPI 4-level race formula, the fractional excretions of sodium (FeNa) and potassium (FeK), the urine potassium-to-sodium ratio (Na/K urine), and the hemoglobin rate [Hb] were determined for all participants. At the end of IT, eGFR and FeNa increased, respectively, by 22.39% (P<0.01) and 143.85% (P<0.01), but the variation of FeK is not significant (P>0.05). The number of abnormally low eGFR values (<90 mL/min/1.73 m2) was reduced from 11 to 5 (P<0.05). At the end of TP, the eGFR and urine Na-to-K ratio remained on average constant (P>0.05) but FeNa decreased by 96.32% (P<0.001) and FeK increased by 144.41% (P<0.001). The [Hb] rate increased by 9.80% (P<0.001), and players had inadequate hydration practice. The results suggested that in addition to its already known effects, TP preserves the positive effects of IT on glomerular function in athletes preparing for a competition that presents a major challenge.