Electrochemical Characterisations to Elucidate the Pseudocapacitance Mechanisms of a CdS/WOx Nanocomposite Photoanode in Acidic Aqueous Electrolytes

<p>The electrochemical properties of a cadmium sulphide/tungsten(VI) sub-oxide (CdS/WO_x) nanocomposite have been explored using aqueous solutions of acetic acid (pH 2.2) and acidified sodium acetate (pH 5.0), for the purpose of evaluating the origin of pseudocapacitance within the material. Through transient photocurrent response, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance measurements, it was established that cation-intercalation phenomena were principally responsible for charge-accumulation in the composite and that the incorporation of ionic species into interstitial surface sites was more energetically favourable for protons than for sodium ions. The composite displayed promising capacitive performance in the tested electrolytes, exhibiting Coulombic efficiencies of up to 88% under galvanostatic cycling at 1.0 mA cm^-2 alongside a peak differential capacitance value of 560 mF cm^-2 during the discharge phase. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data it was further determined that whilst illumination by white light acted to decrease the series resistance of the photoanode, all other resistive and capacitive components of the impedance characteristics were affected negligibly by the irradiation. In combination, the investigations detailed herein provide an instructive resource for the development of CdS/WO_x composites and the optimisation of electrolytes to improve the performance and chemical stability of such materials. Furthermore, the study serves as a potential foundation from which to advance the concept of integrating the conversion and storage of solar energy into a single dual-functional electrode, in turn facilitating a new generation of photo-supercapacitor devices.</p>

Electrochemical Characterisations to Elucidate the Pseudocapacitance Mechanisms of a CdS/WOx Nanocomposite Photoanode in Acidic Aqueous Electrolytes

<p>The electrochemical properties of a cadmium sulphide/tungsten(VI) sub-oxide (CdS/WO_x) nanocomposite have been explored using aqueous solutions of acetic acid (pH 2.2) and acidified sodium acetate (pH 5.0), for the purpose of evaluating the origin of pseudocapacitance within the material. Through transient photocurrent response, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance measurements, it was established that cation-intercalation phenomena were principally responsible for charge-accumulation in the composite and that the incorporation of ionic species into interstitial surface sites was more energetically favourable for protons than for sodium ions. The composite displayed promising capacitive performance in the tested electrolytes, exhibiting Coulombic efficiencies of up to 88% under galvanostatic cycling at 1.0 mA cm^-2 alongside a peak differential capacitance value of 560 mF cm^-2 during the discharge phase. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data it was further determined that whilst illumination by white light acted to decrease the series resistance of the photoanode, all other resistive and capacitive components of the impedance characteristics were affected negligibly by the irradiation. In combination, the investigations detailed herein provide an instructive resource for the development of CdS/WO_x composites and the optimisation of electrolytes to improve the performance and chemical stability of such materials. Furthermore, the study serves as a potential foundation from which to advance the concept of integrating the conversion and storage of solar energy into a single dual-functional electrode, in turn facilitating a new generation of photo-supercapacitor devices.</p>

Raman Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Investigations of Pt Electrocatalyst Supported on Carbon Prepared through Plasma Pyrolysis of Natural Gas

Physicochemical and electrochemical characterisations of Pt-based electrocatalysts supported on carbon (Vulcan carbon, C1, and carbon produced by plasma pyrolysis of natural gas, C2) toward ethanol electrooxidation were investigated. The Pt20/C180and Pt20/C280electrocatalysts were prepared by thermal decomposition of polymeric precursors at 350°C. The electrochemical and physicochemical characterisations of the electrocatalysts were performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman scattering, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry tests. The XRD results show that the Pt-based electrocatalysts present platinum metallic which is face-centered cubic structure. The results indicate that the Pt20/C180electrocatalyst has a smaller particle size (10.1–6.9 nm) compared with the Pt20/C280electrocatalyst; however, the Pt20/C280particle sizes are similar (12.8–10.4 nm) and almost independent of the reflection planes, which suggests that the Pt crystallites grow with a radial shape. Raman results reveal that both Vulcan carbon and plasma carbon are graphite-like materials consisting mostly of sp2carbon. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry data obtained in this study indicate that the deposition of Pt on plasma carbon increases its electrocatalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation reaction.