Ingredients and proposals for defining the contours of a networked observatory of the ecological capital of the Rhone watershed: contributions from the OSAGE (Scientific Observatory in support of land managers) and CECN (Ecosystem Accounting for Natural Capital) approaches.

L’article aborde les enjeux liés au développement de l’observation et de l’évaluation environnementales, qui répondent pour partie à des politiques incitatives mais aussi à des prises de conscience tant institutionnelles que citoyennes. Notre contribution s’appuie sur l’expérimentation d’une approche systémique de comptabilité écologique (Comptabilité Écosystémique du Capital Naturel, CECN) à l’échelle du bassin versant du Rhône, en la confrontant à un modèle théorique, l’observatoire OSAGE. L’objectif, assorti de préconisations scientifiques, techniques et organisationnelles, fruits de cette confrontation, vise à s’interroger sur les capacités de déploiement de l’outil de CECN en un observatoire des ressources territoriales structuré par les dispositifs scientifique, technique et organisationnel d’OSAGE. La mise en œuvre efficace d’un tel outil appelle un besoin urgent de politiques publiques plus cohérentes en matière de données (temps, espaces, protocoles), enrichies par des plateformes participatives multi-acteurs, l’ensemble pouvant permettre de coordonner et de rendre opérants les choix et les protocoles de constitution de données (formats, modalités d’échanges, etc.).

Competition and Exploitation for Ecological Capital Embodied in International Trade: Evidence from China and its Trade Partners

In order to identify ecological relationships of participating countries in the transfer system of ecological capital embodied in global trade, this paper takes the international trade of China and its partners from 2002 to 2017 as a case, and uses the ecological footprint (EF) measured by the optimized product land-use matrix (PLUM) method to quantify ecological capital for the value of macro-ecological resources, then uses the ecological network analysis (ENA) method to construct a complete transfer network of trade-embodied ecological capital and uses a utility analysis to identify ecological relationships between trading countries. Our results show that: (1) Throughout the study period, competition relationships with 61% dominated in the network, and the countries that have a pair-wise competition relationship with China are mainly located in central and western Europe, northeastern Europe, North America, southern Asia and eastern Asia. (2) Indirect utility determines the dominant ecological relationship in system, and it mainly converts dominant ecological relationships from control to competition by transforming exploit into competition. (3) China is looking to creating a more mutually beneficial trading environment at the expense of its own interests. (4) A global crisis event is likely to result in the control of ecological capital in more countries, and in its aftermath, the world is likely to be in a highly competitive environment. Reducing ecological capital consumption by improving energy efficiency and optimizing the global trading environment into a trading system dominated by mutualism relationships can be effective ways for countries around the world to achieve sustainable development post-COVID-19 crisis.

The Positive, Negative and Neutral Outcomes of Designed Adaptation in the Built Environment

This article posits that design of climate adaptation interventions is co-aligned in process with the social diffusion of innovation. As such, innovation is fundamentally a differentiation to the status quo through trial-and-error that is designed to fail and circumvent, as much as it is designed to insulate and transform. Through cycles of creation and failure, social, financial and ecological capital are reorganized within an adaptive cycle—as process that simultaneously offers the promise of both a subjectively more equitable and more exploitive set of potential outcomes. Adaptation has long been regarded as neither good nor bad—it is merely a social process of learning and trade-offs from which some may benefit and others may bear the burden This article challenges the rhetoric that resilience and adaptation activities universally yield positive outcomes for society and ecology. To that contrary, only in an optimal scenario would such activities yield a net positive result of a more equitable and just future. In some cases, designed adaptations may be failures for some and successes for others.

An Evaluation System for Sustainable Urban Space Development Based in Green Urbanism Principles—A Case Study Based on the Qin-Ba Mountain Area in China

Since the 20th century, the deterioration of the ecological environment around the world has challenged urban space construction. With the development of urbanization, the consumption of resources and energy has increased, the level of biodiversity has decreased, environmental pollution is approaching the critical level, and the contradiction between human habitat activity and ecological environment has become increasingly prominent. The sustainable development of urban space along with its economic and social benefits, taking into account the quality of life and ecological environment, has become a new and important subject that needs to be explored. In this study, the indices of the evaluation system for sustainable urban spatial development in regions with underdeveloped economies but rich in ecological resources are arranged in sequence through the systematic coupling analysis of collaborative evaluation information and a quantitative analysis. The influences of urban space elements on sustainable urban development are disclosed. On the basis of the generated data, an evaluation system for sustainable urban spatial development with a complete set of information is proposed. The proposed system is applicable to urban spatial development evaluation in regions in China with underdeveloped economies but rich in ecological capital. First, the basic concept of system coupling is introduced, and a coupling relationship between urban sustainable development and urban space is proposed. Second, the elements of urban space and the sustainable development in the Qin-Ba mountain area are extracted, and the precedence diagram method is used to construct a sustainable evaluation system for urban space development in the Qin-Ba mountain area. Third, the sustainable evaluation process of urban spatial development is proposed. Finally, the sustainable evaluation system for urban spatial development in the Qin-Ba mountain area is applied to evaluate the urban spatial development in Shangluo, Qin-Ling Mountains, China. The results show that, among the investigated 14 indicators, the proportion of industrial land use mainly influences sustainable urban spatial development. As for the rest of the index factors, per capita green land area and green coverage ratio of built-up areas, per capita urban construction land area, proportion of forestry area, greening rate of built-up areas, total industrial dust emission density, proportion of cultivated area, and average volume fraction of residential areas are the secondary influencing factors of sustainable urban spatial development. The evaluation system in this research is constructed with the three aspects of “green coordination”, “green development”, and “green sustainability” of sustainable urban spatial development, and it complements the evaluation contents of urban–rural ecological space coordination, land resource protection, and green development community, and so on. The conclusion of this study not only can provide a useful reference for urban spatial development planning for underdeveloped ecological capital areas of China but also can provide a theoretical basis for the management and control policy of sustainable urban spatial development.

Regional Ecological Risk Assessment of Wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain with Respect to Human Disturbance

Characterization of the intensity of regional human disturbances on wetlands is an important scientific issue. In this study, the pole-axis system (involving multi-level central places and roads) was recognized as a proxy of direct risk to wetlands stemming from human activities at the regional or watershed scale. In this respect, the pole-axis system and central place theory were adopted to analyze the spatial agglomeration characteristics of regional human activities. Soil erosion and non-point source (NPS) pollution, indicating the indirect effect of human activities on wetlands, were also considered. Based on these human disturbance proxies, which are considered regional risk sources to wetlands, incorporated with another two indicators of regional environment, i.e., vulnerability and ecological capital indexes, the regional ecological risk assessment (RERA) framework of wetlands was finally established. Using this wetland RERA framework, the spatial heterogeneity of risk grades within the Naoli River Basin, a typical concentrated wetland region in the Sanjiang Plain, was analyzed. The results showed that (1) high- and very high-risk source intensity areas displayed a ring-shape distribution pattern, which reflected the influence of the regional pole-axis system; (2) owing to their high ecological capital value per unit area and vulnerability level, the wetlands had the highest risk grade, as did central places (i.e., those areas where county seats and administration bureaus of farms were located). In terms of proportion, the low-, medium-, high-, and very high-risk areas accounted for 72.0%, 16.8%, 10.1%, and 1.1% of the study area, respectively. The identification and classification of risk sources to wetlands that are related to human activity at the watershed scale could provide clear perspectives in order to reduce severe risk sources to these areas, especially those Ramsor Convention-appointed sites of international importance. Moreover, the assessment framework used in this paper will provide a helpful reference for related research in the future. Finally, the new management guidelines proposed in this paper will be beneficial for lowering the ecological risk level of wetlands at the watershed or regional scale for the Sanjiang Plain or other wetland-concentrated regions.

Reconciling ecological and human sustainability: A quantitative assessment

To keep humanity's environmental impact within planetary boundaries, clear indicators and evaluation criteria are essential. We introduce a new criterion based on two constraints, accounting for both ecological and human sustainability. The ecological constraint is defined trough a novel indicator, the eco-balance, grounded on the well known concept of ecological footprint and the new concept of population biodensity. The human sustainability constraint is based on the minimum per capita consumption of natural capital needed to achieve a sufficient level of human well-being. ´ The application of our criterion to world countries shows where technological improvements and changes in consumption patterns are sufficient to reach sustainability, and where actions on population and restoring ecological capital are also needed. This highlights complex patterns going beyond simplistic schemes, such as overconsumption vs. overpopulation or developed vs. developing countries.