A Whistling Criterion for Two Orifices in Series

Whistling phenomena in pipe power plants have been observed in the past years. It occurs at pressure drop devices where vortex shedding is established. It generates high noise levels and excessive vibrations. Aure´gan and Starobinsky [1] have developed an experimental criterion to predict whistling frequencies of pressure drop devices submitted to plane propagating pressure waves. This criterion estimates the net acoustic power, an acoustic exergy generation indicating that the device behaves as an acoustic amplifier. The corresponding frequencies are potential whistling frequencies. The application of the criterion only requires the determination of the scattering matrix of the device. In previous works, this criterion was applied to different single hole orifices. The purpose of the present study is to apply the criterion to two orifices in series and to verify that the behavior of this system can be predicted from the scattering matrix of each individual orifice and of the straight pipe in-between. Measurements are done on an air test rig with an inner diameter of 3 cm, a Mach number of 2.6 × 10−2 and a Reynolds number of 104. Different distances between orifices are characterized. The study of the influence of the second orifice on the whistling criterion shows an enhancement of the whistling potential and a shift of the main potential whistling frequency. A fair agreement is found between experimental and predicted results. Characterization of orifices in series is then possible from the coefficients of the scattering matrix of one orifice and an appropriate condition on the distance between the orifices.

An Acoustic Criterion for the Whistling of Orifices in Pipes

Whistling due to vortex shedding has been extensively studied in the case of cylinders in cross-flows, of flow separation above cavities and of shear layers with flow impingement feedback. Less attention has been given to pressure drop devices in piping systems, which are known to generate high noise levels due to single tones in gas systems, and even in water systems. Based on recent work of Auregan et Starobinski (1999), an experimental criterion is proposed to evaluate the whistling ability of a pressure drop device in the presence of plane waves acoustic feedback. The idea of the criterion can be summarized as follows: if for a given combination of incident pressure waves, the amount of acoustic power scattered is higher than the incident one, the pressure drop device behaves as an acoustic amplifier, so that whistling can occur if the adequate acoustic boundary conditions are met. The main advantage of this criterion is that it depends only on the acoustic scattering matrix of the device, rather than on the acoustics of the surrounding pipe. Results obtained in an air test rig with an inner diameter of 3 cm, a Mach number varying from 10−3 to 10−1 and a Reynolds number varying from 103 to 105 are reported for single hole orifices. Basing the Strouhal number on the thickness of the orifice and on the average velocity through the hole, thin single hole orifices with sharp angles appear to whistle at Strouhal numbers close to 0.2. Furthermore, it is shown that a thin orifice with a downstream bevel is prone to whistling, whereas the same orifice with the bevel upstream cannot whistle.