Ice-rafted dropstones in “postglacial” Cryogenian cap carbonates

Dropstones of ice-rafted origin are typically cited as key cold-climate evidence in Cryogenian strata and, according to conventional wisdom, should not occur in postglacial, warm-water carbonates. In Namibia, the Chuos Formation (early Cryogenian) contains abundant dropstone-bearing intervals and striated clasts. It is capped by the Rasthof Formation, composed of laminites in its lower portion and microbial carbonates above. These laminites are locally found to contain pebble- and granule-sized lonestones in abundance. At the Omutirapo outcrop, meter-thick floatstone beds occur at the flanks of a Chuos paleovalley and are readily interpreted as mass-flow deposits. At Rasthof Farm, however, the clasts warp, deflect, and penetrate hundreds of carbonate laminations at both the outcrop and thin-section scale. We propose that these are dropstones, and we infer an ice-rafting mechanism. Evidence for vestigial glaciation concomitant with cap carbonate deposition thus merits a reappraisal of the depositional conditions of cap carbonates and their paleoclimatic significance.

Geochronological constraints on Neoproterozoic rifting and onset of the Marinoan glaciation from the Kingston Peak Formation in Death Valley, California (USA)

Death Valley (California, USA) hosts iconic Cryogenian snowball Earth deposits, but the lack of direct geochronological constraints has permitted a variety of correlations and age models. Here, we report two precise zircon U-Pb isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry dates for the Kingston Peak Formation: a volcanic eruptive age of 705.44 ± 0.28 Ma from the synglacial Limekiln Spring Member, and a maximum depositional age of 651.69 ± 0.64 Ma from the nonglacial Thorndike submember, which is below the Wildrose diamictite. These dates confirm that the Limekiln Spring and Surprise Members were deposited during the Sturtian glaciation, while the Wildrose submember is a Marinoan glacial deposit, and the overlying Sentinel Peak Member of the Noonday Formation is a Marinoan cap carbonate. Additionally, the age from the Thorndike submember supersedes existing radioisotopic ages from the Datangpo Formation in South China as the youngest constraint on the onset of the Marinoan glaciation, demonstrating that the Cryogenian nonglacial interlude lasted for at least 9 m.y. and the Marinoan glaciation was <17 m.y. long. Cryogenian glaciation in western Laurentia occurred against the backdrop of ∼85 m.y. of episodic rift-related subsidence and magmatism within laterally discontinuous, fault-bound basins.

Sedimentary evolution and stratigraphy of the ~765–740 Ma Kansuki-Mwashya platform succession in the Tenke-Fungurume Mining District, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The origin of the Mwashya Conglomerate at the base of the Mwashya Subgroup in the Lufilian Belt is uncertain since it is considered as either a tectonic or as a sedimentary breccia. At Tenke Fungurume Mining District (TFMD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Mwashya Conglomerate is marked by an iron-bearing polymictic conglomerate embedded between the Kansuki and Kamoya formations. In this paper, the Kansuki-Mwashya platform succession at TFMD was investigated to shed light on the origin of this conglomerate, the depositional evolution and the tectonostratigraphic framework of the platform. Lithofacies analysis revealed that the Mwashya Conglomerate is a periglacial olistostrome, which was formed around ~765–745 Ma. A pre-Sturtian age for this conglomerate is supported by the Kamoya Formation, which is here interpreted as a post-glacial cap carbonate sequence. The Kansuki-Mwashya platform succession consists of a protected coastal lagoon adjacent to a tidal flat environment, both bordered by a barrier shoal. This paper concludes that the Kansuki-Mwashya platform succession was driven by rifting pulses, occurring gravity flows on instable slope, superimposed upon the ~750–717 Ma long-lasting Sturtian glacial period.

Magnetostratigraphy and Carbon isotopes of Ediacaran Avellaneda Formation, Rio de La Plata Craton, Argentina

<p>The Ediacaran Period (635-542 Ma) witnessed a series of extraordinary events. It arises with the end of the Marinoan Glaciation and deposition of worldwide enigmatic cap carbonate deposits. This abrupt shift in paleoclimatic conditions coincides with major fluctuations in the  isotope ratios of carbon and sulfur, and with significant changes in the concentration of redox-sensitive elements in marine sediments. The Ediacaran is also a period marked by rapid changes in geomagnetic polarity. Magnetostratigraphy may therefore provide high-resolution correlation between Ediacaran successions worldwide. Here, we combine stratigraphy logs, carbon isotopes and magnetostratigraphy on the Avellaneda Formation (590-560 Ma) which at the Rio La Plata Craton, eastern Argentina. We investigated two drill cores (TSE-34 and TSE-7) with a 0.3-0.7 m resolution covering the entire Avellaneda Formation, corresponding to 98 standard specimens (25 mm in diameter). The basal contact of the Avellaneda Formation with the underlying mudstone rocks from Loma Negra Formation (~ 590 Ma) is present in both cores. The upper contact with the Alicia Formation, only observed in TSE-34 core, is transitional. The TSE-7 displays an erosional contact between Avellenda and Cerro Negro Formations (~ 560 Ma). After stepwise thermal demagnetization up to 600°C, almost all samples provided a characteristic magnetization between 350°C and 600°C, therefore Ti-poor magnetite or titanohematite is likely the main carrier of the stable remanence in these rocks. A high-temperature, dual-polarity component is persistent and coherent in the two drill cores. The base of the unit is marked by normal polarity, followed by a reverse interval, followed by persistent normal polarity across to the upper part of the Avellaneda Formation. This magnetostratigraphic framework, together with the carbon isotope signal, will be compared with results recently obtained for potentially coeval successions in China, Canada and United States.</p>