Analyzing Women’s Exploitation in Agrarian Society: A Case of Musahar Community in Bihar

The exploitation of Musahars women has been closely linked with the question of land and it exposes three different systems of women's exploitation within the agrarian economy – The wage system, the loan system, and the working hour monopoly. This paper analyzes these three systems of women's exploitation, the semi-feudal and the semi-capitalist social structure in reference to the case of Kuria village of Bihar. Using a case study as a method, the paper has a key objective to find out the pattern of Musahars exploitation by looking at different aspects of existing social conditions. The caste system, in this, will be treated as the primary force of exploitation in the agrarian community.

Hayami method application: A value-added analysis of rice crackers industry in ex-residency of Madiun

This study aimed to determine the value-added of rice processing into rice crackers in the Ex-Residency of Madiun, East Java. Three areas (Ponorogo Regency, Magetan Regency, and Madiun City) well-known as rice crackers producers were chosen as the locations. The sample in this study was selected purposively. The result shows that the average value-added per raw material was Rp 2,210.57/kg with an average of 946.67 kg/month for raw material used. Using the Hayami method, the average value-added was Rp 14,206.33 per working hour. Rice crackers SMEs are advised to continue to improve efficiency, especially in terms of cost and the use of raw materials to further increase the value-added.

Employment contract with non-fixing working hour: peculiarities of working time

Problem setting. On-call work is today a poorly-investigated by science of labor law form of non-standard employment. Since 2019, there are several draft laws developed in Ukraine that deal with on-call work. These drafts describe it such as employment contract with non-fixing working hour. The latest draft No. 5161 of 25.02.2021 "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the regulation of some non-standard forms of employment" has been submitted to Parliament. This bill was developed according to the Directive (EU) 2019/1152 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on transparent and predictable working conditions in the European Union. However, we believe some provisions of this bill on the establishment of working time need further adaptation. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The issue of legal regulation of non-standard employment has been analysed by V.Venedidikov, N. Vyshnevska, I. Gorgoriev, I. Kiselev, A. Lushnikov, D. Morozov, O. Mozna, N. Nikitina, O. Process, O. Rimkevich, V. Soyfer, M. Sorokishin, O. Yaroshenko. On-call work was the subject of doctor’s and candidate’s thesis of V. Gnidenko, O. Korkin, O.Pilipko, M. Shabanova. At the same time a number of legal problems were arised after the project No. 5161 had been adopted. For instance, peculiarities of the establishment of working time, the legal regulation of new legal categories in an employment contract with non-fixed working time need further adaptation. Аrticle’s main body. In the employment contract with non-fixing working hour the maximum working hours of the employee is determined, fixed in the contract, however the minimum working time is not defined due to the fact that the employer does not have a duty to provide employee work. The minimum duration of working time defined in the draft law depends only on the amount of the wage or compensation for staying in a state of waiting. In order to strengthen the coherence of terminology and better reconcile the typology and character of this non-standard employment form with the provisions of Directive (EU) 2019/1152, the draft law should enter and (or) determine the terms, such as a schedule of work, basic hours and days, mode of operation. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In the contract with non-fixed working hours, the installation and distribution of working time has specific features: maximum duration of the employee's working time is determined, fixed in the contract, and the minimum working time is not determined at all, since the employer does not have a duty in the employer to provide employee work. The minimum duration of working time defined in the draft law depends only on the amount of the wage or compensation for staying in a state of waiting. In such an employment contract basic days and hours should be establishes, that is, a time interval when an employee must perform its labor duties in case of a demand. The employee's calling on work, in turn, must be carried out by the employer in compliance with the conditions established in the contract itself (for example, the method and minimum term of the employee's notice of the start of work). The mode of operation is predictive to the employee, the one can predict "theoretically" that he can be called on in certain days and hours. The schedule of work with each call on work is really unpredictable. This schedule should be agreed between the employee and the employer before the work is started, although we believe such agree does not matter because the schedule is made within the basic days and hours that are already known to the employee.

The Effect of Residents Working-Hour Restrictions on Patient Safety, Resident Well-Being, and Resident Education: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Residents duty hour restrictions have been a source of debate throughout the years, given that extended shifts have historically been associated with a negative effect on patient safety. Implementing restricted duty hours may help reduce sleep deprivation and workload, consequently improving residents sense of well-being. On the other hand, these reforms implicate a greater number of handoffs where communication errors may arise, and continuity of care being lost as a result. In a similar way, shorter shifts may implicate less time of direct patient contact and, consequently, decreased educational opportunities for residents. Various studies have attempted to explore the effect of resident work hour reforms on patient safety outcomes. However, these have been mainly based solely on observational studies that have not been subjected to the same rigor as experimental ones, primarily because no randomized controlled trials (RCT) were available in this matter. Nonetheless, more substantial evidence has become available in these last few years as three RCTs have been published exploring the impact of resident duty hour restrictions on patient safety as well as on residents wellbeing and education. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis are crucial to interpret this data that has now become available. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of resident physicians working-hour restrictions on patient safety parameters, residents perceived well-being and resident education. Methods and analysis: This research protocol was developed according to PRISMA-P and the Cochrane guidelines for systematic reviews and metanalysis. Electronic literature search strategies were developed using MeSH and free terms to be carried out in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov and Global Index Medicus with no restriction in language. Primary outcome measures include several patient safety parameters, whereas secondary outcome measures involve resident well-being and education. Two research team members will screen identified titles, abstract and full text, evaluate risk of bias and extract data in an independent manner. A qualitative narrative synthesis will be employed to summarize the key findings, population, and methodology of studies using text and tables for both primary and secondary outcomes. We will test for heterogeneity of the included studies by employing the I2 statistical test; if significant (I2 > 75%), only qualitative synthesis will be presented. On the contrary, if studies are homogeneous, a meta-analysis will be considered using Review Manager 5.1 software. For continuous data, we will calculate the mean difference or standardized mean difference. For dichotomous data, the risk ratio (RR) will be calculated. Results will be displayed on a Forest Plot. To assess bias, a Funnel plot and Egger test will be employed. Conclusions: This systematic review will provide evidence regarding the effect of resident physicians working-hour restrictions on patient safety parameters, residents perceived well-being and resident education. All of these are variables that must be considered when determining policies regarding the medical training environment. It is essential to review the existing high-grade evidence regarding the impact of residents extended working hours so that authorities can optimize future graduate medical education regulations. Keywords: resident working hours, patient safety, resident well-being, resident education Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest declared by any of the authors. Funding: There is no public or private institution funding this project.

Is there an optimal timing for surgical treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures in the first 24 hours?

Background We aimed to determine the ideal surgical timing in the first 24 hours after admission to the hospital of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures (SHF) that do not require emergent intervention. Materials and Methods Patients who underwent surgery in our institution between January 2011 and January 2019 due to pediatric Gartland type 3 SHFs were evaluated retrospectively. Open fractures, fractures associated with vascular injury and compartment syndrome, flexion type fractures were excluded. A total of 150 Gartland type 3 were included. The effect of early (<12 hours) or late (>12 hours) surgical interventions, daytime or night-time surgeries, working or non-working hour surgeries on operative parameters (operative duration and open reduction rate, reduction quality on postoperative early radiographs) were evaluated in pediatric SHFs. Results Early (<12 hours) or late (>12 hours), daytime or nighttime, working or non-working hour surgeries were found to be similar in Gartland type 3 patients regarding early postoperative reduction quality, duration of surgery, open reduction rate (p>0.05). Mean times passed from first admission to hospital until surgery were longer in working hour, late (>12 hours) and daytime surgery groups than non-working hour, early (<12 hours) and night-time surgery groups (p<0.001). Conclusion Although delaying the operation to the working hours seems to prolong the time until surgery in pediatric Gartland type 3 SHF patients who do not require emergent intervention such as open fractures, neurovascular impairment and compartment syndrome, there may not be a time interval that makes a difference for the patients if surgery is performed within the first 24 hours, thus the surgery could be scheduled according to the surgeons’ preference. Level of Evidence: Level 3, Retrospective cohort study