Bioprocess Optimization for the Production of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis Biomass Enriched in the Enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase

The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is gaining interest because it exerts bioactive properties and may be a potentially important therapeutic agent for many disorders and diseases. Microalgae are considered an important novel source for the production of diverse bio-compounds and are gaining momentum as functional foods/feeds supplements. So far, studies for the production of ALP are limited to mammalian and partly to some heterotrophic microbial sources after its extraction and/or purification. Methods: Arthrospira was cultivated under P-limitation bioprocess and the effect of the P-limitation degree on the ALP enrichment was studied. The aim of this work was to optimize the cultivation of the edible and generally-recognized-as-safe (GRAS) cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis for the production of single-cell (SC) biomass enriched in ALP as a potential novel functional diet supplement. Results: The results revealed that the relationship between intracellular-P and single-cell alkaline phosphatase (SC-ALP) activity was inverse; SC-ALP activity was the highest (around 50 U g−1) when intracellular-P was the lowest possible (around 1.7 mg-P g−1) and decreased gradually as P availability increased reaching around 0.5 U g−1 in the control cultures. Under the strongest P-limited conditions, a more than 100-fold increase in SC-ALP activity was obtained; however, protein content of A. platensis decreased significantly (around 22–23% from 58%). Under a moderate P-limitation degree (at intracellular-P of 3.6 mg-P g−1), there was a relatively high SC-ALP activity (>28 U g−1) while simultaneously, a relative high protein content (46%) was attained, which reflects the possibility to produce A. platensis enriched in ALP retaining though its nutritional value as a protein rich biomass source. The paper presents also results on how several parameters of the ALP activity assay, such as pH, temperature etc., and post-harvest treatment (hydrothermal treatment and biomass drying), influence the SC-ALP activity.

Giving New Uses to Glucose Meters: Detection of Prostate Cancer

A sandwich genoassay for the detection of PCA3, a nucleic acid biomarker overexpressed in the urine of prostate cancer patients, has been developed by using the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as a tracer of the hybrid generated onto the surface of magnetic particles. ALP converts D-glucose-1-phosphate into D-glucose, which is quantified with a personal glucose meter. The resulting methodology allows the reliable detection of PCA3 at low picomolar levels, thus fostering massive screening of prostate cancer.

Review: Gambaran Aktivitas Enzim Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) pada Pemain Game Online di Kecamatan Jekan Raya Kota Palangka Raya

An online game is a game that is played using an internet network. Online games can cause addictions, which result in changes in sleep patterns that can disrupt circadian rhythms. The body produces more free radicals and causes oxidative stress, which can attack hepatocyte cells. To assess liver function abnormalities, one of them can be known by checking the enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). This study aimed to determine the activity of the Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) enzyme in Online game players in the city of Palangka Raya. This research was conducted with a descriptive method using the Snowball Sampling technique, and the sample in this study amounted to 50 people. From the results of the examination of the activity of the enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), ALP values ​​were obtained above normal 10 people (20%).

Controlling the Kinetics of an Enzymatic Reaction through Enzyme or Substrate Confinement into Lipid Mesophases with Tunable Structural Parameters

Lipid liquid crystalline mesophases, resulting from the self-assembly of polymorphic lipids in water, have been widely explored as biocompatible drug delivery systems. In this respect, non-lamellar structures are particularly attractive: they are characterized by complex 3D architectures, with the coexistence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that can conveniently host drugs of different polarities. The fine tunability of the structural parameters is nontrivial, but of paramount relevance, in order to control the diffusive properties of encapsulated active principles and, ultimately, their pharmacokinetics and release. In this work, we investigate the reaction kinetics of p-nitrophenyl phosphate conversion into p-nitrophenol, catalysed by the enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase, upon alternative confinement of the substrate and of the enzyme into liquid crystalline mesophases of phytantriol/H2O containing variable amounts of an additive, sucrose stearate, able to swell the mesophase. A structural investigation through Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, revealed the possibility to finely control the structure/size of the mesophases with the amount of the included additive. A UV–vis spectroscopy study highlighted that the enzymatic reaction kinetics could be controlled by tuning the structural parameters of the mesophase, opening new perspectives for the exploitation of non-lamellar mesophases for confinement and controlled release of therapeutics.

Enhancement of Biomimetic Enzymatic Mineralization of Gellan Gum Polysaccharide Hydrogels by Plant-Derived Gallotannins

Mineralization of hydrogel biomaterials with calcium phosphate (CaP) is considered advantageous for bone regeneration. Mineralization can be both induced by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and promoted by calcium-binding biomolecules, such as plant-derived polyphenols. In this study, ALP-loaded gellan gum (GG) hydrogels were enriched with gallotannins, a subclass of polyphenols. Five preparations were compared, namely three tannic acids of differing molecular weight (MW), pentagalloyl glucose (PGG), and a gallotannin-rich extract from mango kernel (Mangifera indica L.). Certain gallotannin preparations promoted mineralization to a greater degree than others. The various gallotannin preparations bound differently to ALP and influenced the size of aggregates of ALP, which may be related to ability to promote mineralization. Human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells grew in eluate from mineralized hydrogels. Gallotannin incorporation impeded cell growth on hydrogels and did not impart antibacterial activity. In conclusion, gallotannin incorporation aided mineralization but reduced cytocompatibility.

INVESTIGATION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE EXPRESSION IN THE SMALL INTESTINES OF THE BRONZE TURKEY (MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO)

The aim of our investigation was to study the expression of the enzyme Alkaline phosphatase in the small intestines of the bronze turkey in the age aspect. Forty clinically healthy bronze turkeys (twenty males and twenty females) were studied. The groups of the birds were at age 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, 49, 56, 90, 120, and 240 days. Each group consisted of five males and five female birds. The enzyme’s expression was investigated by Gomori staining. The most significant expression of tissue alkaline phosphatase was observed in the epithelial cells of the duodenum. It was weaker in the jejunum and weakest in the ileum. In the three intestinal segments, high enzyme activity was observed during the first weeks of hatching (from the 1st to the 14th day in the duodenum and ileum, and from the 1st to the 28th day in the jejunum).

Experimental Studies on Locally Produced Insecticide (Ota-piapia)

Introduction: Nigeria, like most countries worldwide find insect pest control a problem, unfortunately, the insecticides available are somewhat costly to the general populace, hence the dependence on the cheaply produced and widely available local insecticide famously called ‘Ota piapia’ literally translating to kill and dry. This study was carried out to determine the safety of ‘Ota piapia’ using Wistar rats as an animal model. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rats were divided into five groups and exposed dermally to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of insecticide concentrations respectively. Evaluation of their behaviour, haematological indices, liver enzyme {alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)} and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the insecticide was used as experimentally indices in evaluating safety limits of the local insecticide. Results: Behaviorally, the rats with higher concentrations of insecticide application showed acute signs of toxicity, with an increase in pack cell volume (PCV%) and lymphocyte and decrease in (total white blood cell count (TWBC) and neutrophils counts hematologically. There was a dose-dependent relationship between insecticide concentration and ALT and ALP activities, while this was not consistent with AST activity. The GC-MS analysis of the insecticide gave 43 components; mainly organic compounds with dichlorvos its main active component, having the highest percentage of 12.74%. Conclusion: Increased PCV%, decreased TWBC and neutrophil counts established in this study and its significant adverse effect on the serum level of liver enzymes implied that the local insecticide ota-pia pia is toxic and must be used with caution.