Morphofunctional Parameters of Adolescents Living in Urban and Rural Areas of Northern Krasnoyarsk Krai

This paper analyses the morphofunctional parameters of 14–16-year-old adolescents living in urban (Lesosibirsk) and rural (Bor) areas in the north of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Based on the Quetelet index, boys and girls were divided into overweight (3.1 and 5.1 % respectively) and underweight (5.1 and 37.5 % respectively). Thus, the largest proportion of adolescents with a body weight deficit was recorded among boys (37.5 %). Reserve fat below the norm (< 11 %) was identified in 41 % of boy from Lesosibirsk and 80 % of boys from Bor. Moreover, in 9 % of the boys this parameter was critically low (3–4 %), which indicates dystrophy. The somatotype analysis revealed a weak development of the endomorphic component in all the groups under study, with the exception of girls from Lesosibirsk. Especially low values of this indicator were identified among boys from Bor (1.4 ± 0.2 points). All the subjects showed a decrease in respiratory parameters, namely, vital capacity was lower than the norm (р < 0.05) in girls by 0.9–1.1 litres and in boys by 0.5–0.7 litres. In general, vital capacity and peak expiratory flow were lower in adolescents from urban areas than in those from rural areas. The share of adolescents with an increased heart rate (> 90 beats/min) was largest among girls from Lesosibirsk (38 %); this group also had the biggest share of subjects with high Baevsky Stress Index (45 %). The share of subjects with high Baevsky Stress Index among boys varied in the range of 23.5–26.6 % and in girls, of 38.9–45.0 %. On the whole, the analysis of variational pulsometry parameters demonstrated a balance of the autonomic nervous system in heart regulation in 47.1–73.3 % of the subjects.

Morphofunctional characteristics of girls in Novosibirsk depending on somatotype

Целью данной работы явился анализ морфофункциональных показателей у девочек г. Новосибирска в зависимости от соматотипа. Приводятся данные исследования морфофункциональных показателей у девочек 13-14 лет (168 девочек, распределенных по соматотипам: микросоматический, мезосоматический и макросоматический). Изучали следующие морфофункциональные показатели: длина и масса тела, обхват грудной клетки. Осуществлялся расчёт индексов: индекс Кердо, индекс Кетле, индекс Пинье, индекс Эрисмана, двойное произведение (индекс Робинсона). Для оценки реакции сердечно-сосудистой системы на нагрузку проводили пробу Руфье, для оценки функциональных резервов дыхательной системы - пробу Штанге. По результатам исследования сформирован морфофункциональный индивидуально-типологический «портрет» каждого типа The aim of this work was to analyze the morphofunctional characteristics in girls of Novosibirsk depending on the somatotype. The data of the study of morphofunctional characteristics in girls aged 13-14 years (168 girls, distributed by somatotypes: microsomatic, mesosomatic and macrosomatic) are presented. The following morphofunctional characteristics were studied: body length and weight, and chest circumference. The following indices were calculated: the Kerdo index, the Quetelet index, the Pinier index, the Erisman index, the Robinson index. To assess the response of the cardiovascular system to the load, a Rufier test was performed, and a Stange test was performed to assess the functional reserves of the respiratory system. According to the results of the study, a morphofunctional individual-typological "portrait" of each type was created.

MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG MEN OF NOVOSIBIRSK DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF CONSTITUTION

Цель - анализ морфофункциональных и психофизиологических показателей у юношей г. Новосибирска в зависимости от типа конституции. Материал и методы. Приводятся данные исследования морфофункциональных и психофизиологических показателей у юношей 18-20 лет разных типов конституции (119 юношей, распределенных по типам: астенический, нормостенический и гиперстенический). Изучали следующие морфофункциональные показатели: длину и массу тела, обхват грудной клетки, жизненную ёмкость лёгких. Осуществляли расчёт индексов: кистевого, жизненного; Кетле, Пинье, стении, двойное произведение. Изучали психофизиологические параметры: простая зрительно-моторная реакция, переключение внимания, умственная работоспособность, объём механической, смысловой и образной памяти. Результаты. По результатам исследования сформирован морфофункциональный и психофизиологический индивидуальнотипологический «портрет» каждого типа конституции. Характеристика астеников: высокие показатели длины тела и индекса стении, низкие показатели массы тела, обхвата грудной клетки и индекса Кетле; низкий уровень кистевого индекса, максимальный уровень жизненного индекса; высокий уровень реактивности организма, механической памяти и переключения внимания; максимальная подвижность нервных процессов. Характеристика нормостеников: низкий показатель длины тела, средние показатели индекса Кетле и индекса стении; высокий уровень кистевого индекса, средний уровень жизненного индекса, низкая экономичность деятельности сердечно-сосудистой системы; высокий уровень реактивности организма и переключения внимания; средняя подвижность нервных процессов. Характеристика гиперстеников: высокие показатели массы тела, обхвата грудной клетки, индекса Кетле, низкий показатель индекса стении; низкий уровень кистевого и жизненного индексов; низкий уровень реактивности организма и переключения внимания, высокий уровень смысловой памяти; минимальная подвижность нервных процессов, высокая продуктивность умственной работоспособности. Выводы. Каждый тип конституции в юношеском периоде онтогенеза имеет индивидуально-типологические особенности морфофункционального и психофизиологического развития организма. Objective - to study morpho-functional and psychophysiological characteristics of young men of Novosibirsk depending on the type of constitution. Material and methods. The research data on morpho-functional and psychophysiological parameters in 18 to 20-years old young men of different constitution types (119 young men, divided into asthenic, normosthenic, and hypersthenic types) are given. The following morpho-functional parameters were studied: height and body weight, chest girth, lung capacity. The following indices were calculated: hand grip strength index, life index; Quetelet index, Pignet index, index of sthenia, double product. The following psychophysiological parameters were studied: a simple visual-motor reaction, switching of attention, mental performance, the amount of mechanical, semantic and figurative memory. Results. According to the results of the study, an individually typological morpho-functional and psychophysiological «portrait» of each type of constitution was formed. The characteristic of asthenic type of constitution: high indices of body length and index of sthenia, low body mass index, chest girth and Quetelet index; low hand grip strength index, the maximum level of the life index; high level of body reactivity, mechanical memory and switching attention; maximum mobility of nervous processes. Characteristics of normosthenic type of constitution: low body length, average values of the Quetelet index and the sthenia index; high level of hand grip strength index, average level of life index, low efficiency of cardiovascular system activity; a high level of body reactivity and switching attention; average mobility of nervous processes. Characteristics of hypersthenic type of constitution: high rates of body weight, chest girth, Quetelet index, low index of sthenia; low levels of hand grip strength and life indices; low level of body reactivity and switching of attention, high level of semantic memory; minimal mobility of nervous processes, high productivity of mental efficiency. Conclusions. Each type of constitution in the adolescent period of ontogenesis has individual typological characteristics of the morpho-functional and psychophysiological development of the organism.

Adolphe Quetelet’s Premonition Two Centuries after: Besides Its Implications in Physiology (Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes), Its Paramount Importance in Human Pregnancy

Adolphe Quételet (1796-1874) proposed in 1835 the “Quételet index”, which was re-discovered in 1972 by Keys et al. under the acronym “Body Mass index”, BMI. The author makes an historical overview of the evolution of this BMI and its interest in medical science and anthropometry. Nowadays this BMI appears to be involved in a mathematical linear law concerning the gestational weight gain in human pregnancies. Getting rid of the current fuzzy recommendations concerning the optimal weight gain for each woman in pregnancy, this may have paramount consequences for the future. When confirmed, Quételet’s proposal will appear as a further Copernician revolution in human anthropometry.

The Prevalence of Smoking in 41-43-Year-Old Males and its Relation to Some Risk Factors

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of smoking in 41-43-year-old men living in Moscow and its association with other chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors.Material and methods. People of male sex were prospectively followed up during 32 years since childhood (11-12 years). Only 301 (30%) representatives of 1005 initially enrolled people were examined after 32 years. The examination included: survey by a standard questionnaire (the passport data, the level of physical activity, bad habits – smoking, alcohol consumption); three-time blood pressure measurement; assessment of heart rate; measurement of weight and height, thickness of skin folds (over the triceps, under the scapula and on the abdomen); waist circumference.Results. Almost 50% of 41-44-year-old males smoked every day; less than a third of the study participants had never smoked. Every fifth of the smokers smoked less than 10 cigarettes per day while more than a half of them – a pack and more. The vast majority of the past smokers (85.2%) had stopped smoking at their own will and only very few (1.2%) by doctor’s advice. The intensity of smoking according to the pack/year index was >10 in almost 81.9% of the current smokers. The past smokers had abdominal obesity significantly more often than the non-smokers and the current smokers (57.5% vs 37% and 50.7%, respectively). The current smokers revealed the significantly higher risk of hypertension. The past smokers had 2.5 times higher risk of general obesity and 2.3 times higher one – of abdominal obesity as compared to the non-smokers. The intensity of smoking at the present time correlated with heart rate (HR). The past smokers (who smoked ≥20 cigarettes/day) as compared to the non-smokers had significantly higher HR, the Quetelet index, thickness of skin fold over the triceps and on the abdomen. The currents smokers revealed correlation of the status of smoking with HR, while the past smokers – with such parameters as the Quetelet index, waist circumference, thickness of skin fold under the scapula and over the triceps and no correlation with HR. The current smokers had significantly higher the 10-year risk of death as compared to thepast smokers and the non-smokers. Conclusion. Smoking is one of the most important risk factors of development of chronic non-communicable diseases. The struggle against smoking must be promoted, while close attention should be paid to people who had stopped smoking as a group of risk of cardiovascular disease onset.

Histological Features of Oral Cavity Mucous Membrane Epithelium in Six-Month-Old Experimental Animals Born with Macrosomia

We examined the histological features of the mucobuccal fold of oral cavity mucous membrane from the area of the masticatory teeth roots’ projection in 6-month-old Wistar Albino Glaxo rats with fetal macrosomia. The animals were divided into groups according to the body weight, the body length, and the Quetelet index at birth. A morphological study was performed using the Leica SP8 AOBS laser scanning confocal microscope and a conventional light (Axiostar, Zeiss) microscopy. Morphometric parameters were used to estimate the degree of acanthosis development in the epithelium of the oral mucosa, which indicates the intensity of its proliferation. Numerous narrow and deep acanthotic outgrowths and densely located ‘juvenile’ epitheliocytes in the basal layer on the apex of the acanthotic protrusions were found in animals with fetal macrosomia that was due to intrauterine obesity. In these animals, the morphometric index, which we used, was maximally different from that in the control group. In animals with fetal macrosomia that was due to intrauterine growth acceleration of the body, the hyperproliferation of the mucous membrane epithelium of the oral cavity was absent or little pronounced. It can be assumed that fetal macrocosmia with obesity causes instability in the epithelium of the oral cavity mucosa, its rapid death, and therefore, a more active stimulation of proliferation.

ASSOCIATION OF ADRA2B POLYMORPHISM WITH RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN NATIVE POPULATION OF MOUNTAIN SHORIA

Study objectives: examine the frequency of genotypes and alleles of I/D polymorphism of gene ADRA2B of native people living in Mountain Shoria (the Shors), as well as their association with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.Material and methods. Overall 221 native people of Shoria were examined. The average age is51.07 ± 1.46 among males, 52.93 ± 0.96 among females (p = 0.286). Anthropometric characteristics, lipid levels of blood and I/D polymorphism of ADRA2B were studied.Results. DD genotype of the gene ADRA2B in the native population of the Shor people is associated with adiposis and high index of "waist/hip", hypertriglyceridemia. The average values of Quetelet index is higher in carriers of this genotype compared with carriers of genotype ID. Average waist indications in homozygous insertions were lower than those in homozygous deletions and heterozygotes. Patients with genotype DD have higher average levels of triglycerides, atherogenic index, cholesterol, very low density lipoproteins.Conclusion. DD allele ADRA2B genotype is responsible for adiposis and high levels of TG among native population of Shoria.