Hogy minden falat számítson: étrendi ajánlás az amerikaiaknak

Az 1980-ban megjelent első kiadás óta az Amerikaiaknak szóló étrendi ajánlások (Dietary Guidelines for Americans) tudományosan megalapozott tanácsokat adnak arra vonatkozóan, hogy mit kell enni és inni az egészség megőrzése, a krónikus betegségek kockázatának csökkentése és a tápanyagszükséglet kielégítése érdekében. Az étrendi ajánlások közzétételét az 1990. évi Nemzeti Táplálkozásfigyelő és Kapcsolódó Kutatási Törvény (National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act) írja elő, amely kimondja, hogy az Egyesült Államok Mezőgazdasági Minisztériuma (U. S. Departments of Agriculture, USDA) és az Egészségügyi és Humán Szolgáltatások Minisztériuma (Health and Human Services, HHS) legalább öt évente közösen tegyen közzé egy jelentést, amely táplálkozási és étrendi információkat, ajánlásokat tartalmaz a lakosság számára. A törvény (Public Law 101-445, 7 United States Code 5341 et seq.) előírja, hogy az étrendi ajánlásoknak a jelenlegi tudományos és orvosi ismereteken kell alapulniuk. Az étrendi ajánlások 2020-2025-ös kiadása a 2015-ös kiadásra épül, a 2020-as étrendi ajánlások tanácsadó bizottságának tudományos jelentésén (Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee) alapuló felülvizsgálatokkal, valamint a szövetségi ügynökségek és a lakossági észrevételek figyelembevételével.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Immigration Detention

COVID-19 has spread quickly through immigration detention facilities in the United States. As of December 2, 2020, there have been over 7,500 confirmed COVID-19 cases among detained noncitizens. This Article examines why COVID-19 spread rapidly in immigration detention facilities, how it has transformed detention and deportation proceedings, and what can be done to improve the situation for detained noncitizens. Part I identifies key factors that contributed to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in immigration detention. While these factors are not an exhaustive list, they highlight important weaknesses in the immigration detention system. Part II then examines how the pandemic changed the size of the population in detention, the length of detention, and the nature of removal proceedings. In Part III, the Article offers recommendations for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on detained noncitizens. These recommendations include using more alternatives to detention, curtailing transfers between detention facilities, establishing a better tracking system for medically vulnerable detainees, prioritizing bond hearings and habeas petitions, and including immigration detainees among the groups to be offered COVID-19 vaccine in the initial phase of the vaccination program. The lessons learned from the spread of COVID-19 in immigration detention will hopefully lead to a better response to any future pandemics. In discussing these issues, the Article draws on national data from January 2019 through November 2020 published by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP), two agencies within DHS. The main datasets used are detention statistics published by ICE for FY 2019 (Oct. 2018-Sep. 2019), FY 2020 (Oct. 2019-Sep. 2020), and the first two months of FY 2021 (Oct. 2020-Nov. 2020). These datasets include detention statistics about individuals arrested by ICE in the interior of the country, as well as by CBP at or near the border. Additionally, the Article draws on separate data published by CBP regarding the total number of apprehensions at the border based on its immigration authority under Title 8 of the United States Code, as well as the number of expulsions at the border based on its public health authority under Title 42 of the United States Code.

A Multinetwork and Machine Learning Examination of Structure and Content in the United States Code

This paper introduces a novel linked structure-content representation of federal statutory law in the United States and analyzes and quantifies its structure using tools and concepts drawn from network analysis and complexity studies. The organizational component of our representation is based on the explicit hierarchical organization within the United States Code (USC) as well an embedded cross-reference citation network. We couple this structure with a layer of content-based similarity derived from the application of a “topic model” to the USC. The resulting representation is the first that explicitly models the USC as a “multinetwork” or “multilayered network” incorporating hierarchical structure, cross-references, and content. We report several novel descriptive statistics of this multinetwork. These include the results of this first application of the machine learning technique of topic modeling to the USC as well as multiple measures articulating the relationships between the organizational and content network layers. We find a high degree of assortativity of “titles” (the highest level hierarchy within the USC) with related topics. We also present a link prediction task and show that machine learning techniques are able to recover information about structure from content. Success in this prediction task has a natural interpretation as indicating a form of mutual information. We connect the relational findings between organization and content to a measure of “ease of search” in this large hyperlinked document that has implications for the ways in which the structure of the USC supports (or doesn’t support) broad useful access to the law. The measures developed in this paper have the potential to enable comparative work in the study of statutory networks that ranges across time and geography.

Amend Patent Legislation to Expand Access to Pharmaceuticals during National Emergencies

As of February 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to almost 109 million cases worldwide and over 486,000 American deaths (Johns Hopkins University 2021). With the federal government pouring more than $9 billion in taxpayer money to develop vaccines and treatments for COVID-19, accessibility to these taxpayer-funded products is a public concern (Witters 2020). Under current U.S. law, private entities of any size are allowed to keep patents funded by taxpayer dollars (Stevens 2004). Although government use of taxpayer funded patents exist in limited circumstances, there is little incentive beyond public and political pressure for pharmaceutical companies to forgo patent enforcement for public good. We recommend that Congress amend Title 35 of United States Code to allow patent term extensions when a patent holder agrees to forgo patent enforcement in times of presidentially declared public health national emergencies under the National Emergency Act.

Perbandingan Pengaturan Hukuman Mati di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat

This article discuss the comparison of the death penalty between Indonesia and the United States which has a different legal system. This study used normative juridical method by comparing the legal system and the implementation of death penalty in the two countries. The difference of the death penalty in Indonesia and the United States lies in the crime. In America, life-threatening, cruel crimes and genocide are regulated in the United States Code. Whereas in Indonesia, Criminal death for genocide, foreign smuggling crimes, and drug crimes are enforced in the Special Act where the crime is included in the category of special crimes. Alternative punishment for death penalty also differs between Indonesia and America where the fine is a cumulative or facultative crime with a specific imprisonment as an alternative punishment for death peanlty. The conclusion of this study shows that the application of death peanlty is not based on the legal system adopted by a country both in the common law and civil law. Criminal Code in Indonesia does not always contain acts of crime that are punishable by death, while in USC in America contains criminal acts pusisable by death.

International Megan's Law as Compelled Speech

“The bearer was convicted of a sex offense against a minor, and is a covered sex offender pursuant to 22 United States Code Section 212b(c)(l).” International Megan’s Law (IML), passed in 2016, prohibits the State Department from issuing passports to individuals convicted of a sex offense against a minor unless those passports are branded with this phrase. The federal government's decision to brand its citizens’ passports with this stigmatizing message is novel and jarring, but the sole federal district court to consider a constitutional challenge to the passport identifier dismissed the plaintiffs’ First Amendment claim, deeming the provision government speech. This Note argues that this passport identifier is more appropriately analyzed as a form of compelled speech, triggering strict scrutiny review that the IML’s passport identifier would not survive.