P969 Functional classification of extrasystolic arrhythmia

Introduction Exstrasystoles" classifications mostly are based on ectopic centers localization and frequency per time. These classifications are not focus on the functional importance of extrasystolic and first post-extrasystolic reductions. Aim. To make functional classification of extrasystoles based on hemodynamics and kinetics of main arteries. Methods 233 patients were observed with supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles, which appeared in the phase of isovolumic decrease of intraventricular pressure before the mitral valve opening and in fast or slow ventricules filling phase in cardiocycle. We performed doppler - ultrasound of carotid, radial, ulnaris, posterior tibia, arch of foot arteries and sphygmograms of these arteries. The volume of cardiac output and transmitral blood flow were measured by echocardiography. To know the moment of extrasystoles appearance in cardio cycle and ectopic center localization we used apex-cardiography and electrocardiography. We determined the parameters of heart biomechanics and main arteries kinetics: speed, acceleration, capacity and work in each phase of heart cycle in systole and diastole, and also the periods of dominance of outflow over inflow. We analyzed the peak speed direct blood flow, blood flow volume. Results The increasing of main parameters (speed, acceleration, capacity and work) was observed in first-extrasystolic contraction with the tendency: if earlier extrasystole appeared in cardiocycle than more changes were observed. We can quantitatively characterize different types of extrasystoles which are principally different in the degree of participation of resulting blood flow. We measured the contribution of extrasystolic and first post-extrasystolic reduction. So we classified extrasystoles due to its functional importance: 1. Exstrasystoles before the mitral valve opening. 2. Exstrasystoles in phase of fast ventricules filling before the peak of transmitral blood flow. 3. Exstrasystoles in phase of fast ventricules filling after the peak of transmitral blood flow. 4. Exstrasystoles in slow ventricules filling phase. 5. Coupled and group extrasystoles. Conclusion The main important thing for hemodynamic measuring is the moment of extrasystoles’ appearance in cardiocycle and the ability of the first post-exstrasystolic reduction to reestablish an adequate resulting blood flow. The treatment and cupping of extrasystoles is determined by the degree of hemodinamic disturbance in each variant of arrhythmia. The most changes of blood flow are with extrasystoles before the mitral valve opening. The first poist-extrasystolic reduction causes the significant increase of cardiac output, arteries diameter and non-stability of atheromas.

Differences in Physical Performance According to the Competitive Level in Futsal Players

The purpose of the present study was to describe performance in acceleration capacity, change of direction ability, vertical jump, horizontal jump, repeated sprint ability, and endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1) in futsal players, and analyze the differences according to competitive categories or levels. The total sample (n = 40) was divided into three groups depending on the category in which the participants competed: Second Division B (n = 15), Third Division (n = 12) and juniors (n = 13). All the tests were performed with participants’ regular competition shoes and on the usual playing surface, in an indoor pavilion with a floating wood floor. The results of the study did not show significant differences in acceleration capacity (5 and 15 m) or change of direction ability among the different categories. In contrast, significant differences were found among the categories with regard to horizontal jump and vertical jump capacity (p < 0.05); but not in all the variables analyzed. Performance in repeat sprint ability varied significantly among the different categories in 30 m (p < 0.01) but not in 5 m (p > 0.05). The distance covered in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 by the Second Division B and the Third Division groups was greater than that covered by the junior group. In the light of these results repeated sprint ability and aerobic endurance could be two discriminating qualities of the competitive level among different futsal categories.

Individualized thresholds to analyze acceleration demands in soccer players using GPS (Umbrales individualizados para analizar las demandas en la aceleración en futbolistas usando GPS)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the number and the % of maximum accelerations, and the distance covered among different soccer players’ positions, classifying them with GPS technology according to an individual threshold based on the maximum acceleration capacity. 20 players were observed during four matches (n=80). All players undertook a maximal running speed test to determine the maximal acceleration. Players’ activities during the matches were classified into four individual acceleration thresholds: acceleration starting from 0 to 13 km·h-1 and never reaching 18 km·h-1 (A1); acceleration starting from 0 to 13 km·h-1 and reaching 18 km·h-1 (A2); acceleration starting from 13 to 18 km·h-1 (A3); and acceleration starting above 18 km·h-1 (A4). During A1, Full-Backs performed a higher number of accelerations compared to other playing positions and reached a ~95% of the maximum acceleration. During A2, Full-Backs and Wide Midfielder performed a higher number of accelerations than Central Defenders and Forwards, and Central Midfielders reached an estimated intensity of 95% of the maximum acceleration. During A3, CM performed the highest number of accelerations compared to the rest of the groups, while F reached an estimated intensity of 78% of their maximum acceleration. This individualized threshold could help coaches assess players’ physical performance and improve it, or to avoid injuries.Resumen. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el número, % de la aceleración máxima y la distancia recorrida por las diferentes posiciones de juego, clasificándolos según un umbral individual para cada jugador basado en la máxima capacidad de aceleraración usando la tecnología GPS. Un total de 20 jugadores fueron evaluados durante 4 partidos (n=80). Todos los participantes realizaron un sprint a la máxima velocidad de carrera para determinar su capacidad máxima de aceleración. La actividad de los jugadores durante los partidos fue dividida en 4 categorías individuales de aceleración: A1, aceleración de 0 a 13 km·h-1 y sin llegar a 18 km·h-1; A2, aceleración desde 0 hasta 13 km·h-1 y alcanzando 18 km·h-1; A3, aceleración que inicia desde los 13 km·h-1 hasta los 18 km·h-1; A4, aceleración que comienza a una velocidad >18 km·h-1. En A1, los defensas laterales realizaron un mayor número de aceleraciones en comparación con las otras demarcaciones de juego y logrando una intensidad ~ 95% de su aceleración máxima. En A2, los defensas laterales y centrocampistas laterales realizaron un mayor número de aceleraciones que los defensas centrales y delanteros, consiguiendo los centrocampistas una intensidad aproximada del 95% de su máxima aceleración. En A3, los centrocampistas realizaron una cantidad superior de aceleraciones que el resto de grupos, mientras que los delanteros lograron una intensidad aproximada del 78% de su máxima aceleración. Estos umbrales individualizados podrían ser de gran utilidad para permitir evaluar a los técnicos de forma más precisa el rendimiento físico de los jugadores, permitiéndoles con ello mejorar su rendimiento y prevenir lesiones en futbolistas.

Seismic Risk Analysis of the 380VAC Emergency Electrical Power Distribution Cabinets of a Nuclear Power Plant in China

According to the research of the operating principle, installation position and running environment of the 380VAC emergency electrical power distribution cabinets (Hereinafter referred to as electrical cabinets) of a nuclear power plant in China, there are three aspects caused by earthquake that seriously affect the safety of the electrical cabinets, including relay chatter, failure of electrical cabinet structure and spatial interactions. Relay chatter refers to contacts of the relay being changed during the period of strong shaking. It may lead to associated circuits malfunction and the equipment failure of the relay control unless it can be effectively reset. The purpose of relay chatter is to find out these relays whose consequences are unacceptable after earthquake and calculate failure probability. Failure of electrical cabinet structure in the earthquake is to carry out seismic fragility evaluation. The goal of seismic fragility evaluation is to assess a given value which describes the ground acceleration capacity and the corresponding uncertainties, and then, the conditional probability of failure as a function of peak ground acceleration [PGA] and a family of fragility curves can be obtained. In this paper, finite element model of the electrical cabinet is established using ANSYS Workbench software. According to the electric cabinets seismic failure mode, we take some of the parameters including the parameters of the floor response spectrum, material strength parameters and so on as the input to calculate the median ground acceleration capacity and the corresponding uncertain parameters. The seismic spatial interactions are defined as the electrical cabinet destroyed due to the surrounding objects failure by falling, collapse, etc. Therefore, if necessary, it is needed to evaluate the seismic fragility of the surrounding objects. Usually through walking down, checking the design drawings or the combination of the above methods, we can find out the surrounding objects for an electric cabinet. So we analyze the seismic risk of the electrical cabinet from the above three aspects. When the results of the above three aspects obtained, we convolute of the electrical cabinet fragility with the seismic hazard curve which represents the frequency of occurrence of earthquake motions at various levels of intensity at the site. Then Monte Carlo sampling is adopted to analyze the uncertainty distribution. In this article, Risk Spectrum Professional software (reference 8) and Risk Spectrum Hazard lite software (reference 9) are used to complete the calculation and get some quantitative seismic risk insights. The above seismic risk insights can support the establishment of seismic probabilistic safety analysis model (Hereinafter referred to as SPSA) for a nuclear power plant, which helps to formulate seismic improvement strategies.