Idiopathic Anterior Uveitis and Granulomatous Anterior Uveitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Idiopathic anterior uveitis is the most common form of anterior uveitis. This group does not have any reasons and is then called idiopathic. After examining the posterior segment and ruling out masquerade syndromes and infections, the main step of diagnosis is clinical characterization. It is essential to establish the presence or absence of unilateral versus bilateral and granulomatous features. Subsequently, a directed work-up may be obtained which then helps to confirm diagnostic hypotheses based on the detailed history and clinical examination. Treatments are adapted according to etiology and disease severity. Here, idiopathic and granulomatous anterior uveitis is reviewed.

Masquerade Syndromes and Uveitis; Clinics, Diagnosis, and Treatment

The term “masquerade syndrome” is used to describe all conditions where the presence of cells either in the anterior chamber, vitreous, or both but unrelated to any immune-mediated uveitis entities. Although masquerade syndromes can be caused by benign conditions such as intraocular foreign body, retinitis pigmentosa, ocular ischemic syndrome, etc., malignant masquerade syndromes are the important ones in this group of disorders. Hematologic malignancies such as lymphoma and leukemia, ocular metastasis of systemic tumors, paraneoplastic retinopathies, and retinoblastoma are neoplastic masquerade syndromes mimicking ocular inflammatory diseases. A delay in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Careful clinical examination and detailed ancillary investigation of all patients older than 50 years of age with chronic uveitis are crucial to prevent systemic dissemination, worsening of the causal disease, and mortality