Millennium development goals (MDGs-2000-2015) to sustainable development goals (SDGs-2030): a chronological landscape of public sector health care segment of Pakistan

Objective: To study health related Millennium Development Goals in context of Pakistan’s progress in improving health system of Pakistan. Methods: Chronological landscape of health conditions with temporal limit of 2000 to 2015 and progress was measured in five, ten and fifteen years of MDGs in view of Public Sector Health Care Segment (PSHCS). Statistical package IBM-SPSS-21 was used for analyzing the data. ANOVA was conducted at level of significance (p<0.05). Results: Different parameters of PSHCS in context of MDGs were analyzed to evaluate the improvement in public health conditions. No difference in infrastructure was observed during the MDGs (2000-2015) era; Hospitals (p=0.262), Basic Health-Units (p=0.910), Mother & child health centers (p=0.345), Rural Health Centers (p=0.226) Tuberculosis centers (p=0.660), Total-Beds (p=0.220) and Population per bed (p=0.772). However, significant difference was observed in no. of dispensaries (p=0.001). We also observed significant difference in workforce; Registered doctors (p=0.024) dentists (p=0.001) nurses (p=0.047) midwives (p=0.032) and lady-health-workers (p=0.007). No significant difference was observed in the expenditures; health-expenditure (p=0.515), development-expenditure (p=0.678), current-expenditure (p=0.481), percentage-change (p=0.998) expenditure as per GDP (p=0.908). Family planning sector was also without any significant change; Population growth (p=0.108), crude birth rate (p=0.705), crude death rate p=0.460) and life expectancy (p=0.319). It was observed that sick population preferred private facilities compared to the PSHCS facilities. Conclusion: We did not observe any significant difference in most of the health care segments during 2000-2015 and MDGs remained underachieved. Therefore, a way forward is proposed for improvement in PSHCS to persevere SDGs.

Introduction

This introduction explores the assumption, present in both the global public health literature and the historiography of biomedicine in Africa, that a low gross domestic product (GDP) is a sufficient explanation for woefully inadequate public-sector health care. This assumption is a product of colonial and postcolonial regimes, which sought to portray scarcity as an inevitable, inescapable fact, even as resources were being spent elsewhere. The arguments used to justify low levels of health-care spending, and the consequences of such paltry expenditures, are the focus of the rest of this work.

Changes in the Executive Bonus Payment Patterns in India Between 2008 - 2016: Some Evidences

This article provides a brief overview of the trends in bonus payment to executives in India. Using data from the voluntary web based survey of Paycheck India, which is a part of WageIndicator Foundation, this article analyzes the trends in five types of bonuses, viz., performance, end-of-year, festival, profit-share and others, from 2008 to 2016, across public and private sectors and four types of industries, viz., manufacturing and construction; trade, transport and hospitality; commercial services; and public sector, health care and education. The results suggest that performance bonus is the most popular type of bonus, while profit-share is the least popular. However, from 2008 to 2016, the shares of all types of bonuses in both sectors (Public and Private) and all industries have been declining, and in most of the large industries and firms, bonuses in terms of cash payments are now restricted to fewer executives.