The use of 19F in Medicine in Poland and in the World

Fluorine is a chemical element belonging to the group of halogens. Due to its many properties, it has been used in various fields of medicine, mainly in dentistry, pharmacology, oncology, and radiology. It is an element that occurs naturally in the environment with a very high chemical activity. In addition, it has a high affinity for calcium or magnesium [1], which may have a large impact on the body's functioning when a higher dose of fluoride is taken. Moreover, fluorine is an element that has toxic effects, not only on living organisms but also on the environment. Fluoride-based preparations are widely used in several areas of medicine. This paper presents the use of fluoride in its various branches of medicine.

Effects of Adding Active Elements to Aluminum-Based Filler Alloys on the Bonding of 6061 Aluminum Alloy and Alumina

In this study, AA6061/AA6061 and AA6061/alumina were directly brazed with Al10.8Si10Cu, Al10Si10Cu4Ti and Al10Si10Cu4Ti0.1RE filler alloys at 530 °C for 10 min without the use of flux. The addition of titanium and rare-earth elements into Al10.8Si10Cu alloy effectively improved the bonding shear strengths of AA6061/AA6061 and AA6061/alumina joints. The highest joint shear strengths were 61.1 and 19.2 MPa, respectively. The Al10.8Si10Cu filler alloy without titanium and rare-earth elements could not wet on the alumina and caused failure of the AA6061/alumina joint. The shear strengths of the AA6061/AA6061 and AA6061/alumina joints both strongly depended on the active element addition. Due to the high chemical activity of the rare-earth elements, they formed AlLa between the Al10Si10Cu4Ti0.1RE filler alloy and alumina. The addition of rare-earth elements into Al10Si10Cu4Ti filler alloy resulted in significant enhancement of the average bond strength of AA6061/alumina joints, from 8.0 to 14.8 MPa.

A second species of the genus Thermochiton Saito et Okutani, 1990 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora)

The paper describes a new species of the genus , sp. nov., found in deep waters off Papua New Guinea. This species differs from primarily in the dorsal scales, the marginal spicules, sculpture of the jugal area and the shape of the central teeth of radula. There are apparent similarities between the species of the genus Thermochiton , Connexochiton platynomenus , C. kaasi and Ischnochiton crassus. The last species is proposed to be transferred to . Owing to the friable, rusty brown deposits that densely cover the shell and girdle of both specimens of , the latter probably lives in areas of high chemical activity.

Chemical and Biochemical Onslaught of Anthropogenic Airborne Species on the Heritage Monument of the Taj Mahal

The science on the anthropogenic airborne aerosols impacting the World Heritage marble monument, the Taj Mahal, at Agra, has been studied in the light of modern physico-chemical approaches. The study is an effort to understand unrecognized airborne species which were found on the surface of the Taj Mahal monument. These species have been analyzed in the light of current analytical methods to impart characterization features and their possible impacts on the surface of the marble. Chemical constituents of these substrates, which were incorporated over the top surface of the monument, have been identified. Interestingly, the carbon particulates which were found on the micro level, popularly called “particulate matters”, have now been identified in the nano domain entity, which is chemically more reactive, and have been found on the surface of the monument. Because of their high chemical activity, these nano carbons have a newer chemistry in the presence of air and sunlight, generating several reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are capable of responding to complicated chemical reactions on the surface of the marble in association with deposited cyanophyceae and other deposits of plant origin, causing rapid degradation. This study provides the nature of the onslaught of such monuments exposed under the prevalent smoggy environmental scenario.

Chemical and Biochemical Onslaught of Anthropogenic Airborne Species on the Heritage Monument, the Taj Mahal

The science on the anthropogenic airborne aerosols impacting upon the World Heritage marble monument, the Taj Mahal, at Agra has been studied in the light of modern physico-chemical approaches. The study is an effort to understand yet unrecognized airborne species which were found on the surface of the Taj Mahal monument. These species have been analyzed in the light of current analytical methods to impart characterization features and their possible impacts on the surface of the marble. Chemical constituents of these substrates which were incorporated over the top surface of the monument have been identified. Interestingly, the carbon particulates which were thought in the micro level, popularly called “particulate matters” has now been identified even in the nano domain entity, which are chemically more reactive, have been found on the surface of the monument. Because of their high chemical activity these nano carbons do play newer chemistry in the presence of air and sunlight generating several reactive oxygen species (ROS).These ROS are capable to respond to complicated chemical reactions on the surface of the marble in association with deposited cyanophyceae and other deposits of plant origin causing rapid degradation. This study provides the nature of onslaught borne out by such monument exposed under the prevalent smoggy environmental scenario.

Reversible ionically-crosslinked single chain nanoparticles as bioinspired and recyclable nanoreactors forN-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysis

The intrinsic advantages of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), based on their high chemical activity and flexible structure, have been harnessed by exploring their applicability as catalytic single chain nanoparticles (SCNPs).

Potentiometric NO2 Sensor Based on YSZ and WS2

In this study, Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrochemical sensors attached with the WS2 sensing electrode (SE) were fabricated and examined for NO2 sensing properties. Due to its internal stratiform structure, surface and edge of the lamella have high chemical activity, WS2 was used as a kind of highly efficient catalyst. WS2 was partial oxidated to WO3 at 400°C, and with the increment of temperature, oxidation will accelerate. The ΔEMF to 500 ppm NO2 was as high as 125mv at 400°C, while the value of WO3-based sensor was as small as 10 mv in the same condition. These WS2-attached devices gave a linear correlation between EMF and the logarithm of NO2 concentration from 30 to 500 ppm in the temperature range 350–500°C. The response time of the device is about 1 min at 400°C.