Propitious time in Entrepreneurship

<div> <div> <div> <p>Time is not invariant in the entrepreneurial journey. Timing is everything in entrepreneurial venturing. This paper shifts the inquiry of entrepreneurship from micro (traits, characteristics and behaviour) and macro (environmental context) perspective and the multi-level approaches from discovery, creation to co-creation (Garud et al., 2014) to a study of the relevance of time in the entrepreneurial pathway development. The context of luck or exogenous change or external or internal perturbation that may lead to the propitious time to act will be examined with reference to research conducted by Peter R. Darke (Darke & Freedman, 1997). It needs contextualization to fit the entrepreneurial paradigm on the propitious time to enact (Weick & Karl E, 1995) which is the main conceptualization in this paper. The concept of convergence, in a particular spatial-temporal (space-time), between the opportunity and the entrepreneur, is the core of this study and this paper will focus specifically on the extent and nature of this convergence in relation to time. Propitious time to trigger actions when opportunities surface or avoidance when the scale of risks are too large to bear- this study of when to act is therefore central to the theory of entrepreneurship. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Propitious time in Entrepreneurship

<div> <div> <div> <p>Time is not invariant in the entrepreneurial journey. Timing is everything in entrepreneurial venturing. This paper shifts the inquiry of entrepreneurship from micro (traits, characteristics and behaviour) and macro (environmental context) perspective and the multi-level approaches from discovery, creation to co-creation (Garud et al., 2014) to a study of the relevance of time in the entrepreneurial pathway development. The context of luck or exogenous change or external or internal perturbation that may lead to the propitious time to act will be examined with reference to research conducted by Peter R. Darke (Darke & Freedman, 1997). It needs contextualization to fit the entrepreneurial paradigm on the propitious time to enact (Weick & Karl E, 1995) which is the main conceptualization in this paper. The concept of convergence, in a particular spatial-temporal (space-time), between the opportunity and the entrepreneur, is the core of this study and this paper will focus specifically on the extent and nature of this convergence in relation to time. Propitious time to trigger actions when opportunities surface or avoidance when the scale of risks are too large to bear- this study of when to act is therefore central to the theory of entrepreneurship. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Internal Perturbation Projection Algorithm for the Extended Split Equality Problem and the Extended Split Equality Fixed Point Problem

In this article, we study the extended split equality problem and extended split equality fixed point problem, which are extensions of the convex feasibility problem. For solving the extended split equality problem, we present two self-adaptive stepsize algorithms with internal perturbation projection and obtain the weak and the strong convergence of the algorithms, respectively. Furthermore, based on the operators being quasinonexpansive, we offer an iterative algorithm to solve the extended split equality fixed point problem. We introduce a way of selecting the stepsize which does not need any prior information about operator norms in the three algorithms. We apply our iterative algorithms to some convex and nonlinear problems. Finally, several numerical results are shown to confirm the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithms.

Operator-based external disturbance rejection of perturbed nonlinear systems by using robust right coprime factorization

In this paper, a class of nonlinear systems with external disturbance and internal perturbation are considered by using operator-based robust right coprime factorization for guaranteeing robust stability, rejecting adverse effects resulting from the existing disturbance and perturbation quantitatively and, meanwhile, realizing output tracking performance. In detail, firstly, robust stability is guaranteed based on a Lipschitz norm inequation using robust right coprime factorization. Secondly, based on the proposed design scheme, a convenient framework is obtained for discussing rejection issues for external disturbance and internal perturbation. Thirdly, from an error signal point of view, the adverse effects resulting from the external disturbance and internal perturbation of the nonlinear system are removed by the designed nonlinear operator. Moreover, output tracking performance is realized using the proposed design scheme simultaneously. Finally, a simulation example is given to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme of this paper.

Unifying dynamical and structural stability of equilibria

We exhibit a fundamental relationship between measures of dynamical and structural stability of linear dynamical systems—e.g. linearized models in the vicinity of equilibria. We show that dynamical stability, quantified via the response to external perturbations (i.e. perturbation of dynamical variables), coincides with the minimal internal perturbation (i.e. perturbations of interactions between variables) able to render the system unstable. First, by reformulating a result of control theory, we explain that harmonic external perturbations reflect the spectral sensitivity of the Jacobian matrix at the equilibrium, with respect to constant changes of its coefficients. However, for this equivalence to hold, imaginary changes of the Jacobian’s coefficients have to be allowed. The connection with dynamical stability is thus lost for real dynamical systems. We show that this issue can be avoided, thus recovering the fundamental link between dynamical and structural stability, by considering stochastic noise as external and internal perturbations. More precisely, we demonstrate that a linear system’s response to white-noise perturbations directly reflects the intensity of internal white-noise disturbance that it can accommodate before becoming stochastically unstable.

Sensitivity Analysis of the Variable Structure Control for a Two-Wheeled Unstable Vehicle

The sensitivity function is applied to the VSC of the two-wheeled unstable vehicle in this paper. By pole placement of state feedback function we can conduct the sensitivity function of VSC. Analyzing the isokinetic approach law and quasi-sliding we can prove that compared to pole placement of state feedback control, the VSC not only has superiority in robustness for disturbance and internal perturbation, but also obtains more satisfactory dynamic performance.