Grandparent-child cohesion, friendship quality, and left-behind children’s positive/negative affect in rural China

This study examined the roles of grandparent-child cohesion and friendship quality in left-behind children’s positive and negative affect compared with non-left-behind children. Data from 557 participants indicated that grandparent-child cohesion and friendship quality predicted children’s emotional adaptation. Friend trust and support and intimate exchange had a stronger predictive effect on positive affect among non-left-behind children. Moreover, the interaction effects between grandparent-child cohesion and friendship quality on children’s positive affect supported the reinforcement model, while the interaction effects on negative affect supported the reinforcement model among left-behind children but supported the compensation model among non-left-behind children.

Introduction

This chapter presents a Humboldtian history of mountaineering in the long nineteenth century and reviews the scientific progress and aesthetic reverence that became available through the embodied experience of the mountaineer. It mentions scholars Christophe Bonneuil and Jean-Baptiste Fressoz who defined the central premise of Anthropocene as challenges that were formerly deemed fundamental to the modern West. It also looks into Stacy Alaimo's observation of transcorporeal interchanges, which considers climbing mountains as a creative and performative undertaking. The chapter deals with recent theories of material ecocriticism that conceptualize mountaineering as an intimate exchange between the human and more-than-human world. It also emphasizes how mountaineering can become a creative act of perceiving the world with one's hands and feet.

Dolomite Close-Ups

Joseph Sanger Davies’s Dolomite Strongholds offers as a distinct way to market the Dolomites as ‘prominent mountains’ in the Victorian period. The chapter reveals how increasingly haptic dimensions of mountaineering complicate the visual space created by a ‘modern’ mountaineer such as Sanger Davies. It explores conflicting and complementary views on the Dolomites offered by English mountaineers and their local guides, describing their encounter as an intimate exchange between two cultural world-views from the very surface of the rock itself. The relationship between Ralph King-Milbanke and his Dolomite guides renders the Dolomite landscape fluid in terms of intercultural exchange whereas Gertrude Bell’s visits to the Dolomites offer up further clues on the portability of landscape through naming peaks.

Exhibiting Children

This intimate exchange between real children and the stories we tell about them is at the fore of juvenilia studies, as scholars examining texts children produce must balance attention to the young person as author or artist with a critical awareness of systems of publication, reception, and analysis that are typically managed by adults. The focus of this paper is an investigation into the challenges of researching and writing about child-produced culture amid the often-overpowering constructs of childhood that surround it, taking two young artists as case studies: Daphne Allen, and Pamela Bianco, whose work can be challenging to access in ways that arise in part from the idiosyncrasies of their cultural moment, understood here as one that combined lingering Romanticism and burgeoning modernism. Analysis of the two child artists suggests that both were savvy and self-aware in negotiating, through their art, the discourses that surrounded them; it also presents methodologies that may be useful to other scholars in the field of juvenilia studies more broadly.

Masquerading Early Modern Disability

Building on Katherine Schaap Williams’s (2009) reading of the play, this article uses a disability studies approach to consider Richard Loncraine’s 1995 film adaptation of Shakespeare’s Richard III. Loncraine’s adaptation allows modern-day viewers to experience a highly visual (and often intimate) exchange with Sir Ian McKellen as Richard Gloucester. Specifically, Gloucester’s verbal claims of a disability that renders him unsuitable as a leader and a lack of sexual prowess are juxtaposed alongside sexually violent visual actions and imagery—particularly in the form of phallic symbols. The juxtaposition of verbal passivity in opposition to visual aggression demonstrates how Richard showcases or hides his disability as he pursues the throne: the first half of the film features Richard masquerading ability, while the second half features him masquerading disability.

Emerging: Live-Digital Gestures in Action

This paper builds on a developing movement practice that engages with the potential for creating a more intimate exchange between real-time image processing technologies and movement. Tracing notions of ‘sensing bodies’ and ‘relation,’ as significantly important to how a greater sense of intimacy and synergy between the two media (live/digital) might be achieved, the author’s focus has been to concentrate on the exchange that takes place between a dancer and her technological counterpart “in the moment of performance.”

Evidence of conditional strategies in human friendship

Many species employ conditional strategies for reproduction or survival. In other words, each individual “chooses” one of two or more possible phenotypes to maximize survival or reproductive advantage given specific ecological niche conditions (e.g., Moran, 1992). Humans seem to employ at least one conditional reproductive strategy, choosing between a more short-term or a more long-term mating strategy (Gangestad & Simpson, 2000), and as with non-human animals, their choices relate in part to an assessment of their own traits (Belsky, 1997; Schmitt, 2005). However, the selection pressures that individuals of a species can exert on each other are not restricted to mate selection; they can arise from many forms of social interaction (West-Eberhard, 1983; Wolf, Brodie, & Moore, 1999). Evidence suggests that individuals are sensitive to characteristics of the self, friend, and environmental conditions when choosing friends (Fehr, 1996; Rose, 1985; Verbrugge, 1977), and that a person’s economic, social, and environmental circumstances influence how they form and organize their friendships (Adams & Allan, 1998; Feld & Carter, 1998). Thus, in this paper I hypothesize that humans have evolved a coherent range of conditional friendship strategies: that we vary predictably in terms of the friendships we form, based on an assessment of our own traits, others’ traits, and our own current needs. I propose a continuum of individual differences in friendship strategy, anchored on one end by those who use friendships for exploration (e.g., skill-building and networking) and on the other end by those who use friendships for intimate exchange (e.g., emotional support and intimacy). I created a measure assessing this continuum, and found that men tended to report a stronger exploration strategy than women. I also found that people with a stronger exploration strategy also had a more short-term mating strategy and were more extroverted, and that people with a stronger intimate exchange strategy reported themselves to be more kind and generous; these results remained when controlling for gender. However, friendship strategy did not relate to socioeconomic status, age, attachment avoidance, relationship status, or presence of kin relationships. There was some evidence that friendship strategy was related to the number of friends an individual reported having and how close they felt to their friends.

Evidence of conditional strategies in human friendship

Many species employ conditional strategies for reproduction or survival. In other words, each individual “chooses” one of two or more possible phenotypes to maximize survival or reproductive advantage given specific ecological niche conditions (e.g., Moran, 1992). Humans seem to employ at least one conditional reproductive strategy, choosing between a more short-term or a more long-term mating strategy (Gangestad & Simpson, 2000), and as with non-human animals, their choices relate in part to an assessment of their own traits (Belsky, 1997; Schmitt, 2005). However, the selection pressures that individuals of a species can exert on each other are not restricted to mate selection; they can arise from many forms of social interaction (West-Eberhard, 1983; Wolf, Brodie, & Moore, 1999). Evidence suggests that individuals are sensitive to characteristics of the self, friend, and environmental conditions when choosing friends (Fehr, 1996; Rose, 1985; Verbrugge, 1977), and that a person’s economic, social, and environmental circumstances influence how they form and organize their friendships (Adams & Allan, 1998; Feld & Carter, 1998). Thus, in this paper I hypothesize that humans have evolved a coherent range of conditional friendship strategies: that we vary predictably in terms of the friendships we form, based on an assessment of our own traits, others’ traits, and our own current needs. I propose a continuum of individual differences in friendship strategy, anchored on one end by those who use friendships for exploration (e.g., skill-building and networking) and on the other end by those who use friendships for intimate exchange (e.g., emotional support and intimacy). I created a measure assessing this continuum, and found that men tended to report a stronger exploration strategy than women. I also found that people with a stronger exploration strategy also had a more short-term mating strategy and were more extroverted, and that people with a stronger intimate exchange strategy reported themselves to be more kind and generous; these results remained when controlling for gender. However, friendship strategy did not relate to socioeconomic status, age, attachment avoidance, relationship status, or presence of kin relationships. There was some evidence that friendship strategy was related to the number of friends an individual reported having and how close they felt to their friends.

Friendship quality of adolescents, who are inclined and who are not inclined into delinquent behavior, comparision

Using a longitudinal sample this study aim was to compare friendships quality with the best friend and the amout of friends of adolescents who are inclined into delinquent behavior and who are not inclined into delinquent behavior.The sample consisted of 2638 adolescents: 1482 boys (56.18 %) and 1156 girls (43.82 %). Respondents were divided into goups of boys and girls who are inclined into delinquent behavior and who are not inclined into delinquent behavior. Friendship quality was assessed by free J. G. Parker and S. R. Asher (1989) Friendship Quality Questionaire subscales: 1) Validation and Caring scale, 2) Intimate Exchange scale, 3) Conflict and Betrayal scale. Delinquent behavior was assessed by problematical behavior scale evaluation, which was created by the group of project “Political socialization development from the adolescence till the youth: mechanisms of citizens political identity development in Lithuania” researchers according to B. Kracke and M. Held (1994). Amount of adolescents’ intimate friends was assesed by asking respondents to write up to 8 friends names and surnames from the school.Research results show that boys are more inclined into delinquent behavior than girls. Friendships with the best friend of adolescents who are inclined into delinquent behavior are more intimately exchangeable and conflicted then friendships with the best friend of those adolescents who are not inclined into delinquent behavior. Validation and caring level of adolescents, who are inclined into delinquent behavior and who are not inclined into delinquent behavior, friendships do not differ. Furthermore, adolescents who are inclined into delinquent behavior have more friends than adolescents who are not inclined into delinquent behavior.This research shows that friendships of adolescences twho are inclined into delinquent behavior has some similarities and some differences from the friendships of adolescences who are not inclined into delinquent behavior.