Improving Monitoring of Radiation Pulses at the Industrial Facilities

In case of accidents at the industrial facilities, where there are devices that are a source of ionizing radiation, a significant part of the fission products is in a vaporous and aerosol state. There is no sharp drop in the radiation levels, which means that the terrain can be damaged for a long time and become uninhabitable. To assess the damage and eliminate the consequences of exposure to a hard radiation pulse, it is required to have such systems that register the dose fields in real time with a high temporal resolution and do not require regular verification and reference to the reference fields. To solve the problem, it is proposed to measure the dose rate of pulsed radiation by the induced conductivity in the air. This makes it possible to obtain the absolute values of the dose rate without reference to the reference fields, with a time resolution of 1·108 per second. The relationship between conductivity of the ionized air and the dose rate is given by means of experimentally determined constants: mobility of the electrons in the air and the lifetime of electrons before they stick to oxygen molecules in the air considering participation of the third particle. Proposed method is based on the microwave sounding of the highly ionized air. This allows to significantly expand the range of application of the ionization methods up to 1·108 Sv/s for photon radiation and to provide nanosecond time resolution. In the present experiments, the time dependence of the dose rate on time obtained by high-frequency probing was measured, and the dose per pulse was found by integrating over time. Measurement results were compared with the readings of a certified integral thermoluminescent dosimeter based on LiF. Measurement results indicate agreement within 20–30 %. High-frequency detectors can be used as part of information and measurement systems to alert about possible emergencies. The method allows obtaining final information in real time and forming management teams on mitigation of emergency situations consequences.

Integration of the latest Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Bathymetry

Topography and bathymetry integration is one of the essential things in providing height data. So far, the topography and bathymetry problems are the lack of height data availability, not up to date, and low vertical accuracy. The latest DTM is one of the topography data with up to date elevation with a spatial resolution of 5 m. Bathymetry extracted from SAR images. It is an alternative depth data for ocean bathymetry and inland water bathymetry. Topography and bathymetry integration is required to obtain comprehensive height data. This study aimed to integrate the latest DTM with SAR bathymetry. The method used in this integration was DEM integration. The method combined the latest DTM data with SAR bathymetry based on the correlation of the two data's standard deviation. The integration of the latest DTM with SAR bathymetry needs to consider differences in height reference fields. Two integration studies were conducted in this research-the latest DTM integration with ocean bathymetry for Rote Island. Then the integration of the latest DTM with inland water bathymetry in Lake Singkarak. The result of the integration is necessary to check the surface by generating longitudinal and cross-section profiles. Integrating the latest DTM and SAR bathymetry can be used for various mapping surveys on lands and waters.

Direct inversion of circulation from tracer measurements – Part 2: Sensitivity studies and model recovery tests

The direct inversion of the 2D continuity equation allows for the inference of the effective meridional transport of trace gases in the middle stratosphere. This method exploits the information given by both the displacement of patterns in measured trace gas distributions and the approximate balance between sinks and horizontal as well as vertical advection. Model recovery tests show that with the current setup of the algorithm, this method reliably reproduces the circulation patterns in the entire analysis domain from 6 to 66 km altitude. Due to the regularization of the inversion, velocities above about 30 km are more likely under- than overestimated. This is explained by the fact that the measured trace gas distributions at higher altitudes generally contain less information and that the regularization of the inversion pushes results towards 0. Weaker regularization would in some cases allow a more accurate recovery of the velocity fields, but there is a price to pay in that the risk of convergence failure increases. No instance was found where the algorithm generated artificial patterns not present in the reference fields. Most information on effective velocities above 50 km is included in measurements of CH4, CO, H2O, and N2O, while CFC-11, HCFC-22, and CFC-12 constrain the inversion most efficiently in the middle stratosphere. H2O is a particularly important tracer in the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere. SF6 and CCl4 generally contain less information but still contribute to the reduction in the estimated uncertainties. With these tests, the reliability of the method has been established.

Teaching Data Analytics Using Natural Law as Integrative Framework

Teaching and learning the multidisciplinary field of data analytics requires comfort with multiple domains of knowledge, each with its own assumptions, concepts, and skills. Ideally, such teaching will use an overarching framework that transcends and includes all the reference fields. Natural law provides such an all-encompassing framework for a stress-free and sustainable path to continuous learning. Teaching from natural law helps enhance the student's capacity for comprehension and integration of diverse knowledge and skills. This chapter presents seven key natural law principles, along with examples of their applications in teaching data analytics. It also presents V-theory of transcendence as way to connect with natural law within one's own consciousness.

Ensuring the accuracy of neutron radiation measurements

The necessity of spectrometric measurements of neutron fluxes in the nuclear industry for the correct estimation of the radiation density and dose characteristics is justified. It is pointed out that the metrological and methodological support for not only spectrometric, but also radiometric measurements of arbitrary neutron fluxes is imperfect. The concept of a real-time multi-detector neutron spectrometer and the results of the study of its prototype are briefly described. To increase the reliability of the results of neutron measurements, it is proposed to verify a multi-detector neutron spectrometer-dosimeter of real time and existing radiometers-dosimeters of neutron radiation in reference neutron fields with different and reliably known forms of energy spectra. To create reference neutron fields, a neutron test and verification complex was developed and its layout was created. The model was experimentally tested in laboratory tests of a prototype of a multi-detector neutron spectrometer-a real-time dosimeter. It is proposed to train a neural network embedded in a multi-detector neutron spectrometerdosimeter on an extended set of basic spectra, which includes, in addition to the reference field spectra, reliably known spectra of neutron fluxes described in the literature. The procedure for forming a set of model implementations of training and test samples used in training a neural network is presented. It is shown that it is possible to exclude the energy errors of the proposed multi-detector neutron spectrometerdosimeter of real time when measuring neutron fluxes, even when checking in reference fields with a limited variety of spectral forms. The possibility of minimizing the energy errors of existing neutron radiometers-dosimeters during verification in the reference neutron fields of the developed test and verification complex is justified.

Development and evaluation of spectral nudging strategy for the simulation of summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau

Precipitation is the key component determining the water budget and climate change of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) under a warming climate. This high-latitude region is regarded as the Third Pole of the Earth and the Asian Water Tower and influences the eco-economy of downstream regions. However, the intensity and diurnal cycle of precipitation are inadequately depicted by current reanalysis products and regional climate models (RCMs). Spectral nudging is an effective dynamical downscaling method used to improve precipitation simulations of RCMs by preventing simulated fields from drifting away from large-scale reference fields, but the most effective manner of applying spectral nudging over the TP is unclear. In this paper, the effects of spectral nudging parameters (e.g., nudging variables, strengths and levels) on summer precipitation simulations and associated meteorological variables were evaluated over the TP. The results show that using a conventional continuous integration method with a single initialization is likely to result in the overforecasting of precipitation events and the overforecasting of horizontal wind speeds over the TP. In particular, model simulations show clear improvements in their representations of downscaled precipitation intensity and its diurnal variations, atmospheric temperature and water vapor when spectral nudging is applied towards the horizontal wind and geopotential height rather than towards the potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio. This altering to the spectral nudging method not only reduces the wet bias of water vapor in the lower troposphere of the ERA-Interim reanalysis (when it is used as the reference fields) but also alleviates the cold bias of atmospheric temperatures in the upper troposphere, while maintaining the accuracy of horizontal wind features for the simulated fields. The conclusions of this study imply how reference fields errors impact model simulations, and these results may improve the reliability of RCM results used to study the long-term regional climate change.

Fertigation of Maize with Digestate Using Drip Irrigation and Pivot Systems

Digestate is a nutrient-rich fertilizer and appropriate techniques are required for its application during the maize season to reduce losses and increase the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The performance of two different fertigation techniques (drip irrigation and pivot) were assessed using the digestate liquid fraction. A two-year field test was carried out at two different sites in Lombardy, northern Italy. At each site, fertigation with pivot (P-F, site 1) or drip (D-F, site 2) systems was compared to reference fields where the same irrigation techniques without addition of digestate were used. During the two seasons, the performance of the fertigation systems, amount of fertilizers used, soil nitrogen content, yields, and nitrogen content of the harvested plants were monitored. The digestate application averaged 5 m3/ha per fertigation event with P-F and 4.9 m3/ha with D-F corresponding, respectively, to 28 and 23 kg N/ha. Both irrigation systems were suitable for fertigation provided that the digestate was adequately filtrated. Our results suggest that fertigation with digestate, if properly managed, can be applied during the growing season up to the full amount of nitrogen required by the crop.

The influence of the signal-to-noise ratio upon radio occultation inversion quality

In this paper, we investigate the influence of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) upon the radio occultation (RO) retrieval quality. We perform two series of numerical simulations: (1) with artificial RO data and, (2) with real COSMIC observations. We superimpose the simulated white noise with varying magnitudes upon both types of the observation data and evaluate the response in the statistics. The statistics use the reference fields of the analyses of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Our simulations indicate that the effect of additive white noise has a threshold character: the influence of the noise is very low up to some threshold, but when the threshold is exceeded, the influence increases dramatically. Another conclusion is that, given RO observations of fair quality, the enhancement of the SNR cannot be expected to provide significant improvement in retrieval quality.

Direct inversion of circulation from tracer measurements – Part 2: Sensitivity studies and model recovery tests

The direct inversion of the 2D continuity equation allows to infer the effective meridional transport of trace gases in the middle stratosphere. This methods exploits the information both given by the displacement of patterns in measured trace gas distributions and by the approximate balance between sinks and horizontal as well as vertical advection. Model recovery tests have shown that with the current setup of the algorithm, this method reliably reproduces the circulation patterns in the entire analysis domain from 6 to 66 km altitude. Due to the regularization of the inversion, velocities above about 30 km are more likely under- than overestimated. This is explained by the fact that the measured trace gas distributions at higher altitudes generally contain less information and that the regularization of the inversion pushes results towards zero. Weaker regularization would in some cases allow a more accurate recovery of the velocity fields. However, there is a price to pay in that the risk of convergence failure increases. No instance was found where the algorithm generated artificial patterns not present in the reference fields. Most information on effective velocities above 50 km is included in measurements of CH4, CO, H2O, and N2O, while CFC-11, HCFC-22, and CFC-12 constrain the inversion most efficiently in the middle stratosphere. H2O is a particularly important tracer in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. SF6 and CCl4 contain generally less information but still contribute to the reduction of the estimated uncertainties.