A Pilot Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study on Mango Polyphenols After Acute Intake of Fresh and Individual Quick Frozen Mango Pulp in Healthy Human Subjects

Objectives The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the pharmacokinetic profile of polyphenolic metabolites after acute intake of fresh and individually quick frozen (IQF) mango pulp in human plasma over 24 hours. Methods Healthy human subjects (n = 7, age = 31 ± 3 years, BMI = 22.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2) received IQF or fresh mango pulp (500 g) or control (100 mg vitamin C) in random order after 3-day low polyphenol diet in a cross over study design. Polyphenols in mango pulps (fresh and IQF) and their metabolites were characterized in plasma collected before (fasting, baseline) and at 30 min or hourly intervals for 8 h then again at 24 h using ultra high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Multiple comparisons within and among treatments (IQF and Fresh) over 24 h postprandial time were performed by mixed model using SAS with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results Gallic acid (228.1 ± 7.3 µg/100 g fresh weight, FW) and galloyl glucose (5.0 ± 0.2 µg/100 FW) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fresh compared to IQF mango pulp. In plasma however, gallic acid (Cmax = 17.3 ± 4.0 nmol/L, AUC0–24h = 63.9 ± 7.9 nmol × h/L), galloyl glucose (Cmax = 12.4 ± 2.3 nmol/L, AUC0–24h = 49.2 ± 8.1 nmol × h/L), ferulic acid hexoside (Cmax = 2.8 ± 0.5 nmol/L, AUC0–24h = 8.6 ± 1.9 nmol × h/L), and gallic acid and pyrogallol metabolites (sulfates, methyl and glucuronides) were significantly higher after IQF mango pulp intake compared to fresh mango pulp as assessed by maximum concentrations achieved (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC0–24 h). Conclusions These results indicate that IQF may preserve or enhance the bio-accessibility of mango (poly)phenol components compared to fresh mangoes, which are hot water treated before importing into the USA. Funding Sources This study was funded by the National Mango Board.

Cytotoxic Effects of Compounds Isolated from Ricinodendron heudelotii

This study was designed to explore the in vitro anticancer effects of the bioactive compounds isolated from Ricinodendron heudelotii on selected cancer cell lines. The leaves of the plant were extracted with ethanol and partitioned in sequence with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction was phytochemically studied using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC). Structural elucidation of pure compounds obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction was done using mass spectra, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analysis. The isolated compounds were subsequently screened using five different cancer cell lines: HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, SW-480, and normal lung epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, to assess their cytotoxic effects. Nine compounds were isolated and structurally elucidated as gallic acid, gallic acid ethyl ester, corilagin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl glucose, 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl glucose, 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl glucose, and 4,6-di-O-galloyl glucose. Corilagin exhibited the most cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 33.18 μg/mL against MCF-7 cells, which were comparable to cisplatin with an IC50 value of 27.43 µg/mL. The result suggests that corilagin isolated from R. heudelotii has the potential to be developed as an effective therapeutic agent against the growth of breast cancer cells.

Phenolic Compounds in Organic and Aqueous Extracts from Acacia farnesiana Pods Analyzed by ULPS-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Response in CD-1 Mice

Background: Acacia farnesiana (AF) pods have been traditionally used to treat dyspepsia, diarrhea and topically for dermal inflammation. Main objectives: (1) investigate the antioxidant activity and protection against oxidative-induced damage of six extracts from AF pods and (2) their capacity to curb the inflammation process as well as to down-regulate the pro-inflammatory mediators. Methods: Five organic extracts (chloroformic, hexanic, ketonic, methanolic, methanolic:aqueous and one aqueous extract) were obtained and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. Antioxidant activity (DPPH•, ORAC and FRAP assays) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay) were performed. Assessment of anti-inflammatory properties was made by the ear edema induced model in CD-1 mice and MPO activity assay. Likewise, histological analysis, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, COX measurements plus nitrite and immunohistochemistry analysis were carried out. Results: Methyl gallate, gallic acid, galloyl glucose isomer 1, galloyl glucose isomer 2, galloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 1, digalloyl glucose isomer 2, digalloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 4, hydroxytyrosol acetate, quinic acid, and caffeoylmalic acid were identified. Both organic and aqueous extracts displayed antioxidant activity. All extracts exhibited a positive effect on the interleukins, COX and immunohistochemistry assays. Conclusion: All AF pod extracts can be effective as antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory agents.