Agroforestry Research in India: Major Achievements, Challenges and Way Forward

Agroforestry in India has earned popularity by meeting the domestic and industrial wood requirement besides satisfying the needs of other ecosystem services. However, it’s promotion has met with numerous challenges like lack of organizational and institutional structure coupled with marketing /consumption and technological challenges. These challenges were resolved through technological, organizational and marketing interventions. The High Yielding Short Rotation (HYSR) clones, precision silvicultural technology, multi functional agroforestry models and value addition technology resulted in establishment of over 75000 hectare of plantation during the period between 2008 and 2018 in association with paper, plywood, match wood, timber and biomass power generation industries. The conceptualization and implementation of bi, tri and quad-partite model contract farming has ensured organizational interventions and brought the agroforestry stakeholders in the value chain system. Similarly, assurance of buy back coupled with price supportive system for major farm grown trees are the major marketing interventions. The innovative research and developmental strategies have attracted all wood based industries to organized industrial agroforestry promotion and development ensuring self-reliance in raw material domain. Similarly, the tree growing farmers are attracted towards tree industrial agro forestry for its assured buy back higher productivity and profitability. This, research-based agroforestry value chain system is one of the innovative models and has excellent replication potential across the country.

The 2014 AIPN UROA Model Contract as a master contract for unconventional deals in Argentina

This article provides an overview of the hydrocarbons and environmental regulatory framework in Argentina and a legal analysis of the 2014 Association of International Petroleum Negotiators UROA’s adaptability to the oil and gas activities at the upstream level in such country, with special focus on the Vaca Muerta basin.

Development of normative-legislative provision of state-banking partnership in Ukraine

The analysis of the legal framework for regulating the development of public-private (state-banking) partnership in Ukraine is carried out. Attention is drawn to the fact that the problem of inconsistency of the relevant laws and regulations on the regulation of public-private partnership, which often contain different rules on the same issues in this field, and the mechanism of implementation of such projects, is quite problematic and of the highest priority for state regulation. is not unambiguous and unified. The priority plan of changes is outlined, which takes the following form: amending the legislation on public-private partnership for the purpose of its uniform application and interpretation; introduction of a unified procedure for all types of state-bank partnership agreements; development of an authorized state body responsible for the development of state-banking partnership in Ukraine; strengthening the functions of local self-government bodies in the sphere of state-banking partnership; a clear division of functions between the relevant public authorities regarding the implementation of state-bank partnership projects; introduction of a single model contract of public-private partnership.

Cosmonaut’s Legal Status: Brief Professional Commentary

For the first time ever, the status of a cosmonaut of the Russian Fede-ration shall be treated not only through the review of the legislation or a separate regulatory act but also through the summarization of practical activity in the area of manned cosmonautics.The history of shaping a legal status of a cosmonaut has started since 1960. Over the first two decades of manned cosmonautics, four Regulations on cosmonauts of the USSR have been introduced and refined. However, for a quarter of a century in the Russian Federation, the practical space activities have been running without any instrument regulating the legal status of a cosmonaut. During the period 1992–2017, the preparation of the Regulation on cosmonauts in the Russian Federation was facing serious obstacles.The Regulation on cosmonauts of the Russian Federation approved by the Russian Government in 2017 has significant drawbacks and gaps. A list of challenges of the legal status of a cosmonaut to be addressed is provided. It is expected to supplement the Regulation on cosmonauts by new standards pertaining cosmonaut’s rights and obligations based upon space expertise.It is proposed to define the concept "cosmonaut" and cosmonaut’s job descri-ption using four components: speciality "cosmonaut", qualification "cosmonaut", position "cosmonaut" and profession "cosmonaut". Such approach differs from the logic of the applicable Regulation on cosmonauts 2017 where the cosmonaut’s job description shall be treated as a synonym of the cosmonaut’s professional activity.The need for availability of a Model Contract for execution of manned space mission and Model Contract for preparation to execution of manned space mission is rationalized; its content is provided in sufficient detail.It is proposed to introduce an international dimension into the legal status of a cosmonaut, and in doing so not only to use the whole array of rights and privileges of cosmonauts stipulated by the international law, but also to empower a cosmonaut to act as a representative of the State both at the overseas or international manned space object.The new regulatory acts, the need for which is given rationale in the article, will contribute to bridging gaps of legal regulation in the area of space missions in Russia between the western expertise and national practice of manned cosmonautics.

Contract Brewing – Production-Oriented Cooperation in Craft Brewing Industry

The objective of the paper is to analyze the cooperation in craft beer manufacturing in Poland and to identify the specificity of this phenomenon from the perspective of enterprise management. The sales of craft beers in Poland are growing rapidly. Craft beers have about a 0.5% share in the total beer sales value in Poland. The popular practice in the industry is contract brewing. It is an interesting phenomenon in the field of cooperation of enterprises which can be classified and analyzed as a form of: economic cooperation (generally), production cooperation, outsourcing, network and virtual organization and also coopetition. It is a specific business model. Contract brewing is a complex problem the specificity of which emerges on several levels. Firstly, there is a special way to emerge in the market of craft beers, even while not possessing significant funds by the entrepreneur. Secondly, it is a form of cooperation in the field of production which unites efforts on the side of both the customer and the contractor since it is not limited to normal outsourcing of production to an external entity but involves physical production capacity of the contractor and technological know-how of both cooperation parties. Thirdly, it is firmly embedded in human relationships. Fourthly, it can generate coopetitive relations since the brewery accepting the order may conduct its own activity related to production and sales of beer under its own brand.

Role of Democratic Volunteers as the "Election Marketer"

Voter turnout in 1999-2009 has decreased significantly. At 1999 92.6% chosen and 7.3% abstains, at 2004 84.1% chosen and 15.9% abstains, at 2009 70.9% chosen and 29.1% abstains. (www.merdeka.com). These conditions encourage Indonesian Election Commision to form Democratic Volunteer as an agent that helps the socialization of Election 2014. This study aims to comprehensively assess the role of Democratic Volunteer as "Election Marketer" in Principal Agency Theory perspective. This study uses qualitative research with case study approach. The results are (1) Relations between Pasuruan Regency Election Commision as principal with Democratic Volunteerasagent (2) Contract model of Democratic Volunteer in two aspects, the type of contract that contract model is short Term Contracts, and the type of both relationship are relation between government and civil society; (3) In carrying out its role as election marketer, Democratic Volunteer fulfill four criteria in Principal Agency Theory perspective. The weakness of model contract of Democratic Volunteer are Short Term Contracts must be solved by entering into a Long Term Contracts to be interwoven communication simultaneously between the government, in this case between Pasuruan Regency Election Commision with Democratic Volunteer as the embodiment of Civil Societies participation is represented by five segments groups of voters.

Symmetry in Bargaining and Efficient Contracts under Asymmetric Information

This paper shows that in a Spencian agency model, contract determination through alternating-offer bargaining can generate efficient outcomes. This result holds in parameter regimes in which the screening equilibrium (where the uninformed principal makes a take-it-or-leave-it offer to the agent) and the signalling equilibrium (where the informed agent makes a take-it-or-leave-it offer to the principal) both predict inefficient contracts. More generally, this paper clarifies that in negotiations under incomplete information involving interdependent values, symmetry in the bargaining protocol can limit the extent of allocation inefficiencies and can lead to ex post efficient agreements.

Reconstruction of Financing Agreement Based on the Principle of Profit and Loss in Sharia Banking

The main purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis that with the reconstruction of the contract that is based on sharing profits and losses it will form a model contract that has Islamic values, maslahat and justice. In the practice of sharia banking in Indonesia, the financing agreement based on the principle of profit and loss sharing in form standard does not fully reflect the characteristic of the contract. Approach used is legislation approach, conceptual approach and contract approach. Legal materials consist of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The study is helpful in practice sharia banking, namely the model of financing contract based on the principle of profit and sharing. Standard contracts in sharia banking serve as a form of legal frame that can be reconstructed. The characteristics of the contract is based on the principle of profit and loss sharing which state is that no one is justified to get a profit without having to bear the business risk.

Reconstruction of Financing Agreement Based on the Principle of Profit and Loss in Sharia Banking

The main purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis that with the reconstruction of the contract that is based on sharing profits and losses it will form a model contract that has Islamic values, maslahat and justice. In the practice of sharia banking in Indonesia, the financing agreement based on the principle of profit and loss sharing in form standard does not fully reflect the characteristic of the contract. Approach used is legislation approach, conceptual approach and contract approach. Legal materials consist of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The study is helpful in practice sharia banking, namely the model of financing contract based on the principle of profit and sharing. Standard contracts in sharia banking serve as a form of legal frame that can be reconstructed. The characteristics of the contract is based on the principle of profit and loss sharing which state is that no one is justified to get a profit without having to bear the business risk.