New Reports of Wild Mushroom Diversity from Foothill Region of Uttarakhand

A The present investigation was undertaken in foothill regions of Uttarakhand from July-2016 up to December-2018. A total of thirty four different sites ranging from the roadside areas, grasslands to forests were studied and Mushroom fruiting bodies were collected. A total of One Hundred sixty six fruiting counts were obtained and 68 mushroom genera belonging to 15 orders and 43 families were identified. During collection visits mushroom were apparent from organic debris of diversified habitats ranging from humid soil; grassland; leaf litter; living tree trunk; dead wood log of forest zone. Maximum fruiting bodies (75%) were obtained between July to September and minimum i.e. 6% between November – February. Among the collected mushroom Stereum rugosum, Crepidotus variabilis, Laccaria laccata, Schizophyllum commune, Ganoderma applantum, Cantharellus cibarius were more prevalent. Out of all collected mushroom sample the frequency of Mushroom belonging to order Agaricales was 45.18% followed by Polyporales i.e., 27.7%. The collected mushroom were cultured on PDA medium and their mycelial forms were preserved for further studies.

Cooking of the dried mushrooms as an effective solution for the reduction of the 137Cs concentration

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cooking (washing, soaking and boiling) of the mushrooms to reduce the 137Cs concentration. The following tubular dried mushrooms were selected for the study: Boletus edilus (cepe), porcini lurid boletus, annulated boletus, orange-cup boletus, variegated boletus and bay bolete. The mushrooms were collected in 2016 in the Bryansk region areas (Gordeevsky, Klintzovsky and Krasnogorskiy districts) with the maximum contamination after the Chernobyl NPP accident. The activity concentration of 137Cs was determined by gamma-spectrometry. Effectiveness of cooking was assessed by calculating the coefficient of cooking reduction equal to the ratio of the activity of 137Cs in water fraction to the activity in the initial dried mushroom sample. The results of the study indicated that the most effective way of cooking the mushrooms was washing, allowing reducing the concentration of 137Cs by 49%. The major part of 137Cs was transferred to the water fraction with the first decanting – 32%; with the consecutive two decantings – 11% and 6%, respectively. During the soaking of mushrooms, 26% of 137Cs is transferred into the water fraction within the first 3 hours: 14% – during the first hour, 9% – in the second and 3% – in the third. Increase in the soaking time had low effect on the reduction of the concentration of 137Cs and reduced the taste characteristics of the meal. The complex use of all three stages of cooking (washing, soaking and boiling) allows reducing the concentration of 137Cs up to 75% in the mushroom broth.

Polysaccharides study of three mushrooms growing in Mongolia

This study was aimed to analyze of polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), Laetipo-rus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) and Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) medicinal mushrooms, growing in Mongolia. As a result of “step by step” extraction method we have obtained 4 fractions of polysaccharide (water-soluble: HWE50 and HWE100; cold alkali-soluble CA; hot alkali-soluble HA) form the each mushroom sample. Polysaccharide fraction’s yields extracted by hot water from Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) and Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) were 3.68%, 8.82% and 12.84%. Yields of alkali-soluble polysaccharides were 18.64%, 68.03% and 28.75%, respectively, which results more than water fractions. The main monosaccharide composition in all polysaccharide fractions were glucose, and a content of glucose was varied 30%-100%. Therefore, they can be considered glucans. Water-soluble polysaccharide fractions contain fucose (until 12%), man-nose (until 18%) and galactose (until 30%). An average molecular mass of water-soluble polysaccharides were calculated Mw 100–150kDa or it can be considered a low, while an average molecular mass of alkali-soluble polysaccharides was a bit high 300–750кDа. All polysaccharides were heterogenic. Монгол орны гурван зүйл мөөгний полисахаридын судалгааны дүн Хураангуй: Монгол оронд ургадаг агил мөөг Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), туруудай мөөг Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) ба чага мөөг Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) гэсэн гурван зүйлийн эмийн мөөгний полисахаридын найрлагыг судлав. Мөөгийг шат дараалан хандлах аргаар мөөг тус бүрээс 4 төрлийн полисахарид (усанд хандлагддаг: HWE50 ба HWE100; хүйтэн шүлтэнд хандлагддаг CA; халуун шүлтэнд хандлагддаг HA)-ыг ялган авав. Усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридуудын гарц агил Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), туруудай Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) ба чага Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) мөөг бүрт тус тус 3.68%, 8.82% ба 12.84% байв. Харин шүлтэнд хандлагддаг полисахаридын гарц нь усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридтай харьцуулахад их буюу тус тус 18.64%, 68.03% ба 28.75% байв. Бүх полисахаридын хувьд үндсэн мономер нь глюкоз ба түүний агууламж 30%-100%-д хүрч байв. Иймд тэдгээр нь глюкан полисахаридууд болно. Мөн усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридуудын найрлаганд фукоз (12% хүртэл), манноз (18% хүртэл) галактоз (30% хүртэл) агуулагдаж байв. Усаар хандлагддаг глюканууд нь бага дундаж молекул масстай (Mw 100–150кДа) байсан бол натрийн гидроксидоор хандлагддаг глюкануудын молекул масс 300–750кДа харьцангуй их байв. Бүх глюкан нь гетероген чанартай байна. ЦСР-ын аргын дүнд ялган авсан полисахаридууд ойролцоо бүтэцтэй салбарласан хэлхээтэй [бета]- глюканууд болох нь батлагдав. Түлхүүр үгс: агил, туруудай, чага, полисахаридын бүтэц, дундаж молекулын масс

The quantitative relationships among alkali elements and the availability of Rb as a substitute for radioactive Cs in Lentinula edodes

We performed particle-induced X-ray emission analysis to determine the quantitative relationships among alkali elements including radioactive Cs in Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom). The shiitake mushrooms were cultivated using radioactive Cs-contaminated hardwood logs, with Rb and stable Cs added to evaluate their concentrations by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis, as well as to measure the spatial distribution of radioactive Cs in the mushroom sample using an autoradiographic method. Radioactive Cs were strongly concentrated in the peripheral region of the mushroom pileus, whereas K, Rb, and stable Cs highly accumulated in the same region as radioactive Cs. We confirmed that the concentrations of K and Rb were basically proportional to that of stable Cs. In particular, a clear linear correlation was observed between the Rb and Cs concentrations. The results of this study indicate the availability of Rb as a substitute for Cs to study the accumulation of radioactive Cs in mushrooms.

WOUND HEALING EFFECT OF KING ALFERD’S MUSHROOM (DALDINIA CONCENTRICA) USED BY TRIBES OF SIRUMALAI HILLS, TAMILNADU, INDIA

Objective: The present investigation is an attempt to an ethnomycological mushroom survey carried out among the paliyar tribals of five settlements in Sirumalai hills. Daldinia concentrica, mushroom reported by the tribals for the wound healing activity was evaluated in vivo in rat model. Methods: The indigenous information of the tribal people was collected through personal interviews during field trips and also the ethno reported mushroom Daldinia concetrica was analysed for its phytochemical constituents by Harborne method and its potential wound healing activity in Albino Wistar rats by excision wound model.Results: The exploration revealed that 92% of the respondents consume mushroom as food and four mushrooms are used in ethnomedicine in the study area namely, Daldinia concentrica, Calvatia gigantean, Termitomyces microcarpus and Podaxis pistillaris. Daldinia concentrica for wound healing, is the first ethnomycological report, thus the further study on Daldinia revealed that the mushroom sample consists of alkaloid 0.97±0.07 mg/kg, flavanoid 2.97±0.12 mg/kg, phenol 0.32±0.01 mg/kg, tannin 0.17±0.02 mg/kg, terpenoid 0.07±0.01 mg/kg and saponin 0.09±0.02 mg/kg; and it’s in vivo wound healing activity was found to be outstanding around 75–87% compared to that of the commercial ointment neosporin.Conclusion: We believe that wound healing activity of Daldinia mushroom was due to the synergestic effect of phytochemicals present in them. Our results throw in the insight of the traditional use of mushrooms in various treatments.