Determining the Optimal Workrate for Cycle Ergometer Verification Phase Testing in Males with Obesity

The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of verification phase (VP) testing and a 3 min all-out test to determine critical power (CP) in males with obesity. Nine young adult males with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg·m−2 completed a cycle ergometer ramp-style VO2max test, four randomized VP tests at 80, 90, 100, and 105% of maximum wattage attained during the ramp test, and a 3 min all-out test. There was a significant main effect for VO2max across all five tests (p = 0.049). Individually, 8 of 9 participants attained a higher VO2max (L/min) during a VP test compared to the ramp test. A trend (p = 0.06) was observed for VO2max during the 90% VP test (3.61 ± 0.54 L/min) when compared to the ramp test (3.37 ± 0.39 L/min). A significantly higher VO2max (p = 0.016) was found in the VP tests that occurred below 130% of CP wattage (N = 15, VO2max = 3.76 ± 0.52 L/min) compared to those that were above (N = 21, VO2max = 3.36 ± 0.41 L/min). Our findings suggest submaximal VP tests at 90% may elicit the highest VO2max in males with obesity and there may be merit in using % of CP wattage to determine optimal VP intensity.

Supra-Versus Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Verification of VO2max in Males and Females

This study was designed to determine the optimal intensity for verification phase testing (VP) in healthy, young adults. Thirty one young, active participants (16 females) completed a cycle ergometer graded exercise test (GXT) VO2max test and 4 VP tests at 80, 90, 100, and 105% of the maximum wattage achieved during the GXT. GXT and VP VO2max values showed a significant test x sex interaction (p = 0.02). The males elicited significantly higher VO2max values during the GXT, 80%, and 90% when compared to the 105%, (105 vs. GXT: p = 0.05; 105% vs. 80%: p < 0.01; 105% vs. 90%: p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in VO2max across the tests in the females (p > 0.05); 80% of the males achieved their highest VP VO2max during a submaximal VP test compared to only 37.5% of the females. A secondary study conducted showed excellent reliability (ICCs > 0.90) and low variation (CVs < 3%) for the 90% VP. Our findings show that a submaximal verification phase intensity is ideal for young healthy males to elicit the highest VO2max during cycle ergometer testing. For females, a range of intensities (80–105%) produce similar VO2max values. However, the 80% VP yields an unnecessarily high time to exhaustion.

HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING LEBIH BAIK DARIPADA FARTLEK TRAINING TERHADAP PENINGKATAN VO2max DAN LACTATE THRESHOLD PADA ATLET BOLA TANGAN KOTA SURABAYA

Atlet bola tangan putra Kota Surabaya memiliki daya tahan yang rendah. Hal ini mengakibatkan nilai VO2max dan lactate threshold yang rendah sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kualitas permainan dan prestasi tim, keadaan ini memerlukan intervensi latihan fisik yang tepat. High intensity interval training (HIIT) merupakan latihan dengan waktu singkat menggunakan intensitas tinggi yang diselingi pemulihan aktif. Fartlek training adalah latihan dengan waktu yang konstan dengan beban mendekati batas kelelahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan HIIT lebih baik daripada fartlek training dalam meningkatkan VO2max dan lactate threshold. Jenis penelitian true experimental dengan rancangan pretest and posttest two group desain. Subjek adalah atlet bola tangan Kota Surabaya sebanyak 22 orang yang dibagi dengan diberikan HIIT untuk Kelompok I lalu fartlek training pada Kelompok II, periode latihan 3 kali dalam seminggu selama 6 minggu latihan. VO2max diukur dengan Cooper VO2max Test dan lactate threshold menggunakan Heart Deflection Point. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata VO2max sebelum HIIT 42,38±1,07 ml/kg/menit, sesudah HIIT 45,86±1,10 ml/kg/menit. Rerata VO2max sebelum fartlek 42,33±1,04 ml/kg/menit, sesudah fartlek 44,27±1,66 ml/kg/menit. Rerata lactate threshold sebelum HIIT 176,61±0,99 x/menit, sesudah HIIT 194,69±1,11 x/menit. Rerata lactate threshold sebelum fartlek 176,92±1,08 x/menit, sesudah fartlek menjadi 187,43±1,59 x/menit. Uji beda peningkatan VO2max dan lactate threshold pada Kelompok I dan Kelompok II dengan independent t-test. Hasil menunjukan bahwa ke dua Kelompok p=0,000 (p<0,05). Disimpulkan dua Kelompok ini sama-sama memberi efek peningkatan (p<0,05) dan Kelompok I lebih meningkatkan VO2max dan lactate threshold daripada Kelompok II. Saran untuk pelatih agar melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi serta memberikan pelatihan yang benar agar dapat meningkatkan performa dan peningkatan prestasi atlet.

ANALISIS AKTIVITAS FISIK DAN DERAJAT KEBUGARAN DOSEN DAN KARYAWAN ITB

The level of fitness is a vital aspect that plays an important role in measuring the risk of disease or a person's productivity level. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining and analysing the profile of physical activity and the level of fitness of lecturers and employees in ITB environment. The samples were 219 lecturers and staffs of ITB (110 males and 109 females) who were in 45 - 60 years age range (height 159.7 ± 8.1 cm, body weight 65.0 ± 12.5 kg, BMI 25.5 ± 4.3). All participants completed series of tests such as the VO2max test with the Rockport test method, anthropometric testing, and filling out a physical activity questionnaire using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) method. The results of this study explained that, of the 219 subjects in this study, most of the subjects had the endomorph type. The VO2max test showed that 49% of the subjects were in the good VO2max category, which was in the range of 31 ml / kg / min to 40 ml / kg / min. Meanwhile, the IPAQ measurement showed that 41% of the total subjects had a low habit of physical activity. This study revealed quantitatively that low physical activity had a high risk of causing obesity and overweight on a person. On the other hand, this study showed that 24% of the total subjects who did a high intensity activity (exercise, etc.) were in the above average VO2max level compared to other subjects. In the end, this research wants to encourage every academic community or other employees to balance the work time with resting patterns, nutrition, and doing regular exercise.

Pengaruh Latihan Lari Interval Dan Latihan Fartlex Terhadap Peningkatan Vo2 Max

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the effect of interval training fartlex training on VO2max. This study used an experimental method with variable interval training and fartlek training, while the dependent variable was VO2max. The study sample of 26 students taken by stratified random sampling through paired matching techniques, .. Interval running exercises showed a significant effect on the increase in VO2max. 2. Running Fartlek shows a significant effect on the increase in VO2max. Test results with the second result value 0.00 <0.05 in interval training and in parl exercise training obtained 0.01 <0.05 before and after treatment can be concluded that the results obtained that Interval Running and Fartlex Exercise Influence the Significant Increase in Vo2max . Thus Fartlek exercises have a more significant influence on the increase in VO2max.Keywords: Farlek training, Interval training, VO2maxAbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh latihan fartlex latihan interval terhadap VO2max Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan variabel latihan lari interval dan latihan fartlek, sedangkan variabel terikat adalah VO2Max. Sampel penelitian 26 orang mahasiswa yang diambil secara stratified random sampling melalui teknik matching paired, ..Latihan lari Interval menunjukan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan VO2MAX. 2. Latihan lari Fartlek menunjukan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan VO2MAX. Hasil test dengan nilai hasil kedua nya 0.00< 0.05 pada latihan interval serta pada latihan parlek didapat sebesar 0.01< 0.05 sebelum dan sesudah diberikan perlakuan dapat di simpulkan bahwa jadi dari hasil yang didapat bahwa Latihan Lari Interval Dan Latihan Fartlex Berpengaruh Terhadap Peningkatan Vo2 Max yang disignifikan. Dengan demikian latihan Fartlek lebih memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan VO2MAX.Kata kunci: Fartlek, Interval, Latihan, Vo2max

Physiological Determinants of Ultramarathon Trail Running Performance

The physiological determinants of ultramarathon success have rarely been assessed, and likely differ in their contributions to performance as race distance increases. The aim of this study was to examine predictors of performance in athletes who completed either a 50km (n:23, F:11), 80km (n:14, F:4), or 160km (n:14, F:2) trail race over a 20km-loop course on the same day. Measures of training history, aerobic fitness, running economy, in-race dehydration, and cardiovascular health were examined in relation to race-day performance. Performance was defined as the percent difference from the winning time at a given race distance, with 0% representing the fastest possible time. In the 50km race, higher training volumes, cardiovascular health, aerobic fitness, and a greater loss of body mass during the race were all related to better performance (all P&lt;0.05). Using multiple linear regression, peak velocity achieved in the VO2max test (β=-11.7, P=0.002) and baseline blood pressure (β=3.1, P=0.007) were the best performance predictors for the men’s 50km race (r=0.98, r2=0.96, P&lt;0.001), while peak velocity achieved in the VO2max test (β=-13.6, P=0.001) and loss of body mass (β=12.8, P=0.03) were the best predictors for women (r=0.94, r2=0.87, P=0.001). In the 80km race, only peak velocity achieved in the VO2max test predicted performance (β =-20.3, r=0.88, r2=0.78, P&lt;0.001). In the 160km race, there were no significant performance determinants. While classic determinants of running performance including cardiovascular health, and running fitness predict 50km trail running success, performance in longer distance races appears to be less influenced by such physiological parameters.

An Untargeted Metabolomics Approach to Investigate the Metabolic Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation in Fencers—A Preliminary Study

This study aimed at assessment of the long-term (4 weeks) metabolic effect of a diet with and without beetroot juice supplementation in fencers using the untargeted metabolomics method with the UPLC Q-TOF/MS system to carry out an analysis of urine samples. Ten women and 10 men underwent the cardiovascular fitness VO2max test at baseline—(B) and after two stages of implementation of the dietary recommendations—the first 4 weeks without beetroot juice (D) and the second with 26 g/d of freeze-dried beetroot juice supplementation (D&J). The urine samples were collected one hour after the VO2max test at B and after D and D&J. The meal before the VO2max test after D&J contained beetroot juice, whereas to the meal at B and after D maltodextrin was added. Changes in metabolites and VO2max were significant only for comparison of D versus D&J. During D and D&J, there were no significant changes in the physical activity level, body mass, and body composition. We observed significant changes in tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism, mainly associated with such neurotransmitter’s metabolism as: Serotonin, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Changes in signal intensity of bile acid, AICAR, and 4-Hydroxynonenal (peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids product) were also observed. The obtained results indicate that long-term beetroot juice supplementation induces considerable changes in metabolism.

Differences of physiological characteristics of taekwondo junior players vs pencak silat junior players

Introduction: Because of the fact that detailed data on the physiological characteristics of Pencak Silat are still limited. The primary purpose of this study to assess the physiological responses of Pencak Silat athletes and a secondary aim is to compare the physiological responses of Pencak Silat athletes with physiological responses of Taekwondo athletes. Material and Methods: This study has included 17 male junior martial art athletes (aged 15–16 years). This study requires all participants to completed one familiarization session and two experimental sessions. During the first session (laboratory condition), anthropometry was measured in the laboratory, and during the second session (on-court condition), the participants completed tests for anaerobic capacity (sprint test 60-m, vertical jump, push-ups, and sit-ups) and VO2max test. Results: The statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in anthropometry, vertical-jump, sit-ups, push-ups, and 60-m sprint results among TKD and PKS groups. Furthermore, the TKD group had significantly higher VO2max (p=0.015), when compared with the PKS group. Conclusion: The present investigation describes similar physiological characterizes, such as weight, height, BMI, BMR, body fat and also performances of vertical jump, sit-ups, push-ups, and 60-m sprint tests among Taekwondo and Pencak Silat athletes. However, in comparison with junior Pencak Silat athletes, the junior Taekwondo athletes have better VO2max.