ANABOLICSTEROIDS THERAPY AS A TRIGGER OF CONDUCTION DISORDERS IN ATHLETES

The high prevalence of WPW syndrome among young people dictates the relevance of this topic studying. In the register of causes of sudden cardiac death among athletes, the proportion of this syndrome is about 1%. The frequency of SCD in professional sportsmen cluster of population, according to various authors, varies from 2.3 to 6.5 cases per 100 thousand active athletes that in 2.4 times higher than in the general population.On example of the clinical case demonstrated in this article the importanceof a precise examination of athletes and amateurs, withdetected WPW phenomenon/syndrome, regardless of presencesymptoms, especially on continuous anabolic steroids therapy background. Therefore, it is necessary to control not only the physical activity of people involved in sports, but also the use of pharmacological drugs in preparation for competitions.

Defining corruption and fraud in professional sport

The first step in systemic addressing the problem of corruption is the comprehension of its scale and nature. This paper explores the extent of fraud and corruption in professional sport. In addition to exploring the forms of legal response, one should mention the improper coverage of the issues of counteracting corruption in professional sport. Fraud and, specifically, corruption in sport is difficult to assess. Most of all-Russian and regional sports federations, physical culture and sports associations tend not to recognise the existence of corruption or fraud in particular sports, or claim that fraud and corruption are under control. Purpose of the study: to explore the extent of corruption and fraud in professional sport. We present a systematic review of literature that explores corruption and fraud, identifying the factors of corruption and fraud in professional sport. To search for relevant studies, the published literature was identified as based on Scimagojr, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Sage Open, in search of relevant studies. Results and novelty: Some sports federations recognise that corruption and fraud are detrimental to fair play and integrity of the professional sport. It is a good practice to develop guidelines for sportsmen in relation to a particular professional sport, which outlines the deeds recognised as corruption and fraud, sets the procedure for their registration, assessment and measures to mitigate and counteract such threats. We have outlined the specifics of motivation for corruption and fraud in professional sport, which differs from the ways of corruption in other segments (like health, education, public service). Professional sports are not characterised by such traditional stimuli for corruption and fraud as poor working conditions and low wages, due to the fact that professional sportsmen are highly paid and their work conditions and social guarantees are much better than those of most ordinary people.

Politainment and the influence of its strategies on the language personality of the politician

The article dwells on the notion of the language personality of the politician-as-actor interpreted within the framework of the politainment theory: the term used in the paper does not indicate the previous profession of a politician but rather describes one of the peculiarities of the political discourse, viz. its theatricality. The paper argues that when political communication is being transformed into politainment, theatricality becomes its key component. Politainment is interpreted here as a hybrid type of political discourse including elements of mass-media and everyday spheres of communication, allowing to orient them at entertainment. Since the language of politainment performs a ludic function, it has often recourse to language game. For the communicative approach of the politician-as-actor it is typical to avoid serious consideration of political topics, to make use of communicative techniques which allow to simplify political problems. It is normal for him to recourse to vulgar language, offensive or otherwise insulting devices such as hyperboles, exaggerations, grotesque. The politician using techniques of politainement is a resourceful individual who can easily give metalinguistic comments, employ puns, euphemisms, dysphemisms, similes, hyperboles and other rhetoric means. Just like a traditional politician, the ‘actor’ is manipulative: he plays out different roles but, first and foremost, he is a star, a celebrity and a glamorous person. In this sense, the politician-as-actor has something in common with musicians and professional sportsmen. It is not unusual for the politainment to borrow their vocabulary: sports, musical instruments, names of musical groups and performers may be mentioned. Such a political actor “sets records”, “competes” with his political opponents, “knocks them out”, etc. To conclude, we may say that ‘actors’ take initiative to dominate on the contemporary political scene and to set a new trend in political communication. In this sense, politainment is not a phenomenon which is represented by orations of only several “linguistically creative” politicians; it is much wider, it influences the whole standard of political communication.

K problematice vzdělanostní struktury hráčů fotbalu a populace mužů ČR

The education level of the population is generally of growing importance. It is an essential elementof social and economic growth of society and individuals. The very specific problem is the educationof the active, primarily elite (professional) sportsmen influencing their current personal developmentaccompanied simultaneously operating and often contradictory requirements of educational processand cultivation of the sports performance. The objective of the provided study was to discover andanalyze the educational structure of contemporary football professionals – representatives of theCzech Republic and football players at the performance level with the male population of the CzechRepublic in attempt to explain the main cause of differences in this structure. The survey included42 representatives of the Czech Republic and 111 football players at the performance level. In the researchmethods of semistructured directed interview and a questionnaire – survey were applied. Dataprocessing was based on descriptive statistics, a method of data categorization was used, including thepercent expression of frequencies. The comparison of the obtained data indicates that there are moremutual causes which could influent differences in the educational structures of examined probands,they are changeable and determined by variables rising from conditions of social, family or footballenvironment. As estimated, the major differences were found in the group of contemporary footballrepresentative players where the influence of social, family and football environment was presentedby the absence of the category ‘university education’.

Implementation of an electromagnetic system for controlling resistance and speed in indoor cycling

Advances in knowledge and technology in various fields of human life and, particularly, in sports have resulted in innovative systems for professional sportsmen training. Here, we designed an electromagnetic system for practicing indoor cycling; this system can precisely simulate on the track the ascents and descents that allow the users to feel like they are training outdoors. Furthermore, this system connects to a web application that allows access from any mobile device to predefine the training routines and thus improve the user experience.

Respiratory Tract Dysfunction in Sportsmen

Actuality. Increasing number of macrocycles during athletes’ training focused on the achievement of high sports results leads to lower adaptive potential and as a result to the pre and pathological conditions, including – respiratory tract dysfunction. The aim – to analyze prevalence and reasons of respiratory tract dysfunction in athletes of high qualification. Results. The analysis of modern scientific data indicates high prevalence of asthma among professional sportsmen, skiers – 14–55 %, swimmers – 13–44 %, long-distance runners – 15–24 %. Professional sportsmen have got induced by physical loading laryngeal obstruction that is the main reason of larynx obstruction. The prevalence of this pathology among healthy population is ~ 5 % while among athletes – from 35 % to 70 %. Symptoms that indicate the infection of upper respiratory tract are between 30 to 40 % of the complaints of professional sportsmen in health facilities, especially among runners, cyclists, skiers, swimmers, rowers, and – tennis players and gymnasts. Currently, many experts hold to the hypothesis of «non infectious» nature of symptoms of URTI, likely of allergic nature. Risk factors, mechanisms of respiratory tract dysfunction in sportsmen were analyzed. Conclusions. The prevalence of respiratory tract dysfunction (asthma, induced by physical loading laryngeal obstruction, chronic cough, respiratory infections) among qualified athletes is much bigger than among the normal population. Determining risk factors are atopy, ventilatory needs of the kind of sport and training environment.

Acute Effects of Maximal Strength, Power Endurance and Interval Run Training on Na, K and Cl Levels in Elite (Professional) Basketball Players

The aim of this study is to determine the acute effects in sodium, potassium and chlorine levels in the plasma concentration of sportsmen in training types of maximal strength (MS), power endurance (PE) and interval run (IR), to find out the mineral requirements of professional sportsmen. The study included 24 male professional basketball players with the average of 22 years. In order to examine the effects of different training models, participants were divided into three groups (n=8 in each group); maximal strength (MS), power endurance (PE) and interval run (IR). In blood samples collected after different types of training, in IR and MS while Na and Cl levels were increasing, K levels decreased, only the increase at NA level in IR found out significant. While in PE, all of parameters (Na, K and Cl levels) were increasing, only the increase at C1 level observed significant. Besides, Na and C1 levels increased after each of the three training type (IR, MS and PE), while the K level (PE) was increasing in the training group, decreased in (MS) and (IR) group. Keywords: Endurance; Running; Some elements; Strength