miRNA target prediction of avian Z-linked DMRT1 gene during sex determination in chicken (G. Gallus)

Sex determination in dimorphic animal, such as chicken (G. Gallus), is controlled by the expression of doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) gene. This gene act as sex determination switch by critically needed for testis differentiation and as antagonist of ovarian development. miRNA, is belongs to short noncoding RNA which modulate gene expression in specific or board targeted genes. This study was aimed to predict miRNA(s) candidate targeted to DMRT1 expression in chicken. In silico method was employed to mining miRNA targeted to DMRT1 using three online databases namely miRDB, TargetScan, and microT-CDS. Following prediction, clustering was performed to select common miRNA(s) in minimal two databases for gene ontology (GO) analysis. Totally 78 miRNAs were targeted to DMRT1 3’UTR, and eight miRNA(s) were found in minimal two databases. The GO analysis found seven distinct biological functions in membrane, cytoplasm, protein binding, nucleus, integral component of membrane and molecular function, and all are related to the cell growth namely cell proliferation. According to the result, it shows the possibility to use selected candidate of miRNA(s) targeted to DMRT1 to reveal the sex determination mechanism at early stage of chicken development.

The Effect of Retinoic Acid on the Development of Neural Tube at Early Stages of Chicken Embryo

Aims: this study aimed to find out the effect of application of 1.5 mg\ml of retinoic acid on chicken development at different stages of neural tube development. Methodology: thirty fertile domestic Gallus gallus eggs were divided into three groups of 10 eggs for each. These groups repeated four time for four different stages HH8, HH10, HH15 and HH18. Retinoic acid (RA) or dimethyl sulphoxide (DEMSO) was injected through the air sac, and the eggs were incubated for another 24 h. Eggs were opened after 24 or 48 h of incubation, and the embryos were evaluated morphologically and histologically. Results: The results of this experiment indicated that, In control group and DEMSO group none exhibited neural tube defects neural tube (NTDs). However group treated with 1.5mg/ml of RA exhibit sever NTDs and malformed at the head, cranial and cardiac regions. Shape of the lumen and spatial arrangement of the cell populations of floor plate and roof plate of neural tube has been changed after RA treatment. Conclusion: Association of excises RA with neural tube defects was demonstrated in the present study on neurulation process during embryogenesis.

Characterization of the exosomes in the allantoic fluid of the chicken embryo

The embryo stage is critical for chicken development. Numerous studies have been conducted to clarify the dynamic changes and functions of various proteins and the composition of amino acids during embryo development. However, the physiological characteristics of extraembryonic fluid (allantoic and amniotic), especially allantoic fluid (AF), remain largely unexplored; furthermore, how information is transmitted from embryonic fluid is unknown. In this study, AF-derived exosomes ranging from 60 to 160 nm in diameter from fertilized eggs at 13 days of incubation of fast-growth chickens (WG chicken) medium-growth chickens (Silky N4 chicken), and slow-growth chickens (Huiyang Beard chicken), were isolated and purified by different ultra-centrifugations and further verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a flow nano-analyzer. Expression of the exosomal positive biomarkers of ALIX and HSP70 as well as lack of the epithelium marker GRP78, were observed by western blotting. In addition, small RNA sequencing revealed that AF-derived exosomes at 13 days of incubation contained a large number of known miRNAs (32.62–65.83%). The top 10 most abundant and co-expressed miRNAs were primarily related to development, growth and immunity. In addition, AF-derived exosomes promoted DF-1 cell migration. These findings broadened our understanding of the characteristic of AF-derived exosomes.

Design and Build Information System of the Joper Chicken Plasma Core at PT. Barokah

Breeding joper chickens with a partnership system is a form of business that is currently on the rise, breeding in partnership is a form of cooperation between breeders (plasma) and companies (nucleus). The yields will be divided according to the percentage agreed upon in the contract agreement that has been made between plasma and nucleus. It takes approximately 12 weeks for the farmer to raise the chickens until harvest. During this period, breeders must take care of the chickens maximally so that it is hoped that the harvest will be profitable for both the farmer as the plasma and the company as the nucleus. There needs to be extra careful management in the process of cultivating joper chickens because chicken farming can be said to have a high enough risk. Therefore, this system was built in order to overcome problems such as irregular feeding or vaccines, manual recording of daily chicken development, disease management and lack of insight into diseases that chickens often get, as well as weighing calculations that are still being carried out. Manually. So that by overcoming these problems the crop yields will increase and the level of productivity of chickens is controlled. The tools used in making this system are Visual Basic. Application design method using ProtoTyping method.

Follow Me! A Tale of Avian Heart Development with Comparisons to Mammal Heart Development

Avian embryos have been used for centuries to study development due to the ease of access. Because the embryos are sheltered inside the eggshell, a small window in the shell is ideal for visualizing the embryos and performing different interventions. The window can then be covered, and the embryo returned to the incubator for the desired amount of time, and observed during further development. Up to about 4 days of chicken development (out of 21 days of incubation), when the egg is opened the embryo is on top of the yolk, and its heart is on top of its body. This allows easy imaging of heart formation and heart development using non-invasive techniques, including regular optical microscopy. After day 4, the embryo starts sinking into the yolk, but still imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, can tomographically image the embryo and its heart in vivo. Importantly, because like the human heart the avian heart develops into a four-chambered heart with valves, heart malformations and pathologies that human babies suffer can be replicated in avian embryos, allowing a unique developmental window into human congenital heart disease. Here, we review avian heart formation and provide comparisons to the mammalian heart.