Influence of increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere on the process of thermal radiation absorption

The paper presents the problem of the influence of the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on the increase in the absorption of thermal radiation. Attention was paid to the differences in the results of calculations in the works of different authors. A simple measurement method has been worked out by means of which, using infrared radiation from the Moon, the possibility of saturation of the process of absorption of thermal radiation for CO2 in the atmosphere has been confirmed. Next, a proposal was presented to conduct further experimental works enabling improvement and verification of computer climate models. Keywords: radiation processes, Schwarzschild equation, greenhouse gases, thermal radiation absorption.

The Greenhouse Effect Calculations by an Iteration Method and the Issue of Stratospheric Cooling

The anthropogenic global warming theory is based on the greenhouse effect (GH), which is due to the longwave (LW) absorption by GH gases and clouds according to the IPCC. This LW radiation downward is the imminent cause for the GH effect increasing the surface temperature by 33°C. It has been shown that latent and sensible heating are essential parts of downward LW radiation and the total GH effect. In this study, an iteration method utilizing this basic GH effect mechanism has been applied to simulate the warming impacts of enhanced GH effect changes. The results are compatible with the Transient Climate Response (TCR) of 0.6°C. The issue of stratospheric cooling due to increased CO2 concentration has been calculated and analyzed. The stratospheric cooling effect is real but its impact on the Effective Radiative Forcing (ERF) has been shown to be negative and not positive as generally implied. The reason is that the decreased absorption of LW radiation in the atmosphere always decreases the GH effect. This result challenges the new concept of the ERF that is the sum of Instantaneous RF (IRF) and rapid adjustments as applied in General Climate Models (GCMs). If the stratospheric adjustment has the opposite effect, then the IRF values would be also wrongly calculated in these models. Two independent validation methods were applied to test the temperature impacts of CO2 concentration increases.

Impact of Cr and V alloying elements upon corrosion-resistance of seamless oil-field 13HFA steel pipes at operation in environments with CO2 increased concentration

The impact of chromium and vanadium alloying elements upon durability of oil-field seamless 13HFA steel pipes in environment with increased CO2 concentration under laboratory and industrial conditions is considered. It is emphasized that besides alloying elements the significant factors effecting steel durability in the aggressive environment having CO2 there are thermal treatment modes and micro-structural parameters.

Validação de um modelo climático simplificado adaptado para simular os efeitos do aumento da concentração de CO2 associados à teoria dos raios cósmicos galácticos (Validation of a simplified climate model adapted to simulate the effects of increased CO2 concentration associated with the galactic cosmic rays theory )

Esta pesquisa teve como proposta principal simular a atuação dos Raios Cósmicos Galácticos (RCG) sobre o balanço energético global na atmosfera terrestre, considerando-se para tanto a atuação do dióxido de carbono (CO2) individualmente e em conjunto com o fluxo dos RCG. Deste modo, desenvolveu-se uma versão modificada do modelo climático Global Resolved Energy Balance (GREB), possibilitando-se a simulação de novos cenários. O novo modelo está sendo chamado de GREB-GCR, do inglês Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR). Os resultados sugerem que a ação em conjunto dos RCG e do CO2, Experimento 20 (EXP20), apresentou uma melhor representação da temperatura superficial quando comparada à ação individual isolada do CO2, Experimento 12 (EXP12). Este comportamento está evidenciado principalmente sobre os oceanos. Espacialmente identificou-se a partir da Raiz do Erro Quadrático Médio (REQM) que o EXP20 apresentou uma redução do erro sobre a região tropical quando comparado ao EXP12. Todavia, destaca-se que nos dois experimentos o modelo GREB-GCR apresentou erros mais expressivos sobre as regiões polares e locais de grande altitude. A B S T R A C TThis research had as main proposal the establishment and simulation of the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) role on the global energy balance in the Earth’s atmosphere, considering the performance of carbon dioxide (CO2) individually and together with the GCR fluxes. In this way, a modified version of the Global Resolved Energy Balance (GREB) climate model was developed, making it possible to simulate new scenarios. The new model is being called GREB-GCR. The results suggest that the joint action of GCR and CO2, Experiment 20 (EXP20), presented a better representation on the surface temperature when compared to the exclusive action of CO2, Experiment 12 (EXP12). This fact is mainly evidenced on the oceans. It was identified from the root mean square error (REQM) that the EXP20 presented a spatially reduction of the error on the tropical region while compared to the EXP12. However, it is noteworthy that in both experiments the GREB-GCR model presented more significant errors on high altitude and polar regions.Key-words: simulation, galactic, GREB-GCR, climate.

INCREASING CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF TROPIC MACROALGAE Halimeda sp

The increasing CO2 concentration and temperature affected growth, chlorophyll content, calcium content, and histological tissue of tropical macroalgae Halimeda sp. The study was conducted to examine the interaction effect of the increased CO2 concentration and temperature on growth, chlorophyll-a content, calcium content, and histological tissue of tropical macroalgae Halimeda sp in a laboratory. Research was set with a completely randomized factorial design at 3 levels of factors (A) the CO2 concentration: 385 ppm (ambient), 750 ppm (medium), 1000 ppm (high), and 3 levels of factor (B) the temperature: 30oC, 32oC, 34oC. Microcolony of macroalgae Halimeda sp were selected and obtained from the Lae-lae island then growing in the aquarium 30 x 30 x 45 cm3. Biological parameters observed were growth rate (total, specific and relative), chlorophyll-a content, calcium content, and histopathology tissue. The results showed that the increased of CO2 concentration and temperature negatively affected on the growth of Halimeda sp, reduced of the growth rate, the chlorophyll-a content, calcium content and damaged to histopatology tissue of the Halimeda sp at trophical macroalgae. Keywords: CO2 concentration, temperature, growth response, histopathology, Halimeda sp