Analysis of secondary market policies of radio frequency spectrum in indonesia

The radio frequency spectrum is an important factor in improving service quality and expanding the network of cellular operators. Operators attempt to obtain additional spectrum allocations through the practice of merging or taking over the radio spectrum, where the process is dependent on ministerial approval. In Indonesia, its implementation produces different treatment in terms of the use of radio frequency spectrum, some are accompanied by divestment another are not. This process is not through the mechanism of the secondary market spectrum. Based on the practice of secondary market spectrum in other countries, it provides business certainty to operators and gives maximum value in the spectrum. In this research, secondary market policy for Indonesia is proposed, where evaluation and analysis will be done using regulation impact analysis (RIA). Three proposed secondary market alternatives include to keep current conditions (alternative 1), secondary market mechanism with direct trading (alternative 2), and broker mechanism with independent supervision (alternative 3). Assessment will be done using cost base analysis (CBA) based on plus minus implications (PMI), and decision will be made based on multi criteria analysis (MCA). According RIA based analysis, the results obtained that alternative 3 provides many advantages compared to 2 other alternatives. The impact of benefits of alternative 3 includes increasing spectrum requirements, frequency spectrum structuring, the need for legal certainty and equality of the process of transferring frequency spectrum.

Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks

With an ever increasing appetite for data over wireless networks, one is forced to think where the additional capacity in the wireless networks come from to carry the traffic? Some would argue that additional spectrum needs to be made available or a substantial increase in spectral efficiency has to come by. However, notwithstanding the above, an additional area that has important implications is to evolve seamless and non-seamless session mobility across disparate access technologies such as WiFi to offload some of the traffic to these alternate networks. Similarly, selective handover of specific flows across smaller cells such as Femto and Pico cells of the same access technology will have an impact on the overall capacity of the network. This not only will improve the capacity of these networks but may also enhance the quality of experience for users.

Spin Reorientation Transition and Exotic Magnetism in Dilute Gd1-xYx Single Crystals (x < 0.1) Revealed by A.C. Magnetoresistance Studies

We measured dilute Gd1-xYx single crystals (x < 0.1) samples using an a.c. magnetoresistance technique. This technique consists in applying a constant current to the sample and measuring the temperature dependent a.c. voltage under a time modulated external magnetic field (f = 333 Hz). The a.c. voltage signal is decomposed in real and imaginary components or, alternatively, in amplitude and phase signals relative to the a.c. magnetic field. This technique proved to be extremely sensitive and effective to display all the magnetic phase transitions revealed by the previous d.c. transport measurements, plus an additional spectrum of other critical features.

Trigeminal and chemoreceptor contributions to bradycardia during voluntary dives in rats

This study investigates the importance of chemoreceptive and trigeminal information during voluntarily initiated diving in rats. The heart rate responses to simulated diving are unaffected by chemoreceptor drive [McCulloch, P.F., and N. H. West. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 32): R1049-R1056, 1992] but are reversibly eliminated by infusion of glutamate receptor antagonists into the spinal trigeminal nuclei [McCulloch, P. F., I. A. Paterson, and N. H. West. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 38): R669-R677, 1995]. To investigate the role of chemoreceptor drive in conscious dives, rats were made hypercapnic, hyperoxic, or hypoxic predive. The role of trigeminal input was explored by infusing the glutamatergic antagonists D-2-amino-7-phosphoheptanoic acid and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione into the region of the trigeminal nuclei. The alteration of arterial blood gases predive had no effect on diving bradycardia. Trigeminal blockade reduced the intensity of the bradycardia but did not abolish it. Chemoreceptor input does not play a significant role in determining heart rate during conscious diving in rats. The attenuation, rather than abolition, of bradycardia on trigeminal blockade suggests either that we achieved incomplete blockade or that an additional spectrum of sensory inputs not present in simulated diving is important in determining the underwater heart rate during conscious diving in rats.