Hydrogen Generation from Biowaste & Its Application as A Fuel

With the rapid decrease in conventional energy sources and serious issues like Global Warming and change in the climate, there is an immediate need to find sources that are renewable and will last for a long time. Hydrogen as a fuel is a good alternative given its abundance. Hydrogen production uses natural gases and electrolysis of water, thus directly or indirectly creating pollution. But this doesn’t mean that energy provided by hydrogen is clean in the utmost sense. Hence there is a need to segregate and analyze different Hydrogen production techniques. In this paper, we will briefly discuss the biological methods of Hydrogen production from biomass and applications of hydrogen. Keywords: Biological H2 production, Aerobic Reaction, Anaerobic reactions, Fuel cell.

Reactions of Rh2(CH3COO)4with thiols and thiolates: a structural study

The structural differences between the aerobic reaction products of Rh2(AcO)4(1; AcO−= CH3COO−) with thiols and thiolates in non-aqueous media are probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. For this study, ethanethiol, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA; a dithiol) and their sodium thiolate salts were used. Coordination of simple thiols to the axial positions of Rh2(AcO)4with Rh—SH bonds of 2.5–2.6 Å keeps the RhII—RhIIbond intact (2.41 ± 0.02 Å) but leads to a colour change from emerald green to burgundy. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were performed to explain the observed shifts in the electronic (UV–vis) absorption spectra. The corresponding sodium thiolates, however, break up the Rh2(AcO)4framework in the presence of O2to form an oligomeric chain of triply S-bridged Rh(III) ions, each with six Rh—S (2.36 ± 0.02 Å) bonds. The RhIII...RhIIIdistance, 3.18 ± 0.02 Å, in the chain is similar to that previously found for the aerobic reaction product from aqueous solutions of Rh2(AcO)4and glutathione (H3A), {Na2[Rh2III(HA)4]·7H2O}n, in which each Rh(III) ion is surrounded by about four Rh—S (2.33 ± 0.02 Å) and about two Rh—O (2.08 ± 0.02 Å). The reaction products obtained in this study can be used to predict how dirhodium(II) tetracarboxylates would react with cysteine-rich proteins and peptides, such as metallothioneins.

Switching the regioselectivity in the copper-catalyzed synthesis of iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines

A unique copper-catalyzed binucleophilic switching of 2-aminopyridine has been developed for the regioselective synthesis of 2- and 3-iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines using alkenes/alkynes as coupling partners in the presence of molecular iodine under aerobic reaction conditions.

Copper-catalyzed aerobic radical C–C bond cleavage of N–H ketimines

We report herein studies on copper-catalyzed aerobic radical C–C bond cleavage of N–H ketimines. Treatment of N–H ketimines having an α-sp3 hybridized carbon under Cu-catalyzed aerobic reaction conditions resulted in a radical fragmentation with C–C bond cleavage to give the corresponding carbonitrile and carbon radical intermediate. This radical process has been applied for the construction of oxaspirocyclohexadienones as well as in the electrophilic cyanation of Grignard reagents with pivalonitrile as a CN source.

A Novel Approach to N′,N′-Diarylhydrazides from N′-Arylhydrazides

A novel method for conversion of N′-arylhydrazides to N′,N′-diarylhydrazides via aerobic oxidation has been achieved. The aerobic reaction was performed using CuCl2 as a catalyst in NH3·H2O–MeOH to give good yields under mild conditions. The mechanism of the reaction is also discussed.