Efficacy and manner of execution of the serve in top-level women's beach volleyball players

The study of the manner of execution (technique, and spatial aspects) can provide useful information to understand the game dynamics in beach volleyball and to obtain references values for the analysis of the game and the establishment of training goals. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the manner of execution on serve and rally performance in elite women's beach volleyball players. A total of 3,009 serves from 44 women’s players were analyzed. The variables studied were: serve technique, serve zone, serve destination, serve performance, and rally performance. An observational punctual, nomothetic, multidimensional, and intragroup design was used. A descriptive and inferential analysis of the data (Chi-Square Test) was done using SPSS v.21.0 software. The level of significance was set at p < .05. The manner of execution influences the serve performance. The jump float serve was the most used. The most effective destination was the zone between players, probability due to the players' displacement and interference between them. An absence of association between serve technique and rally performance was found. These findings showed possible connections between the way of executing the serve with the following actions done by the players and the players' strategies to control their physical load. These values may be useful to guide to players training, or to evaluate players in competition.

PSXIV-37 Assessment of milk yield, milk composition and urea nitrogen in milk and plasma in lactating buffaloes fed diets with increasing levels of corn plus urea

Nowadays, the great challenge in the milk activity is to replace the high cost ingredients without affect the performance and milk composition. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal by corn plus urea on milk production, milk composition, nitrogen in milk (UNM) and plasma (UNP) concentrations of lactation buffaloes. Twelve Murrah lactating buffaloes, all multiparous (100 days in lactation; average milk production of 10 kg per day), with initial mean body weight of 650 ± 45 kg were used used in a triple Latin square 4 x 4 experiment. Each period included 13 d for adaptation and 5 for milk collect. The samples of plasma were obtained only in the last day of collect, four hours after feed. The experimental diets (12% CP, DM basis) consisted of increasing levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of soybean meal replacement by corn plus urea and the forage: concentrate ratio was 60:40. Orthogonal polynomials for diet responses were determined by linear and quadratic effects (P &lt; 0.05). The increasing levels of corn plus urea did not change (P &gt; 0.05) the milk production (averaging 6.4±0.33 kg/d), fat content (averaging 7.4±0.31%) and protein content averaging (3.8±0.07%) in milk. The UNM (15.29, 15.44, 14.80 and 16.02 mg dL-1 for levels 0, 33, 66 and 100% respectively) and UNP values (18.37, 17.20, 18.79 and 18.16 mg dL-1, for levels 0, 33, 66 and 100% respectively) also did not change with experimental diets and are according with references values for buffaloes. The use of corn plus urea is an alternative for lactating buffaloes’ diets and can be replacing soybean meal at levels up to 100%.

Reference Values of Standing Long Jump in Preschool Children: A Population-Based Study

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine age and sex differences in standing long jump (SLJ) and to determine norm-referenced values for Spanish preschool children.Method:A total of 3555 children, aged 3–6 years, participated in this study (1746 girls and 1809 boys). To measure explosive leg power, the SLJ was used.Results:In the analysis of reliability using test-retest with 86 children (48% boys, age = 56.22 ± 10.34 months), the following descriptive results were obtained (mean, SD): at pretest = 76.53 ± 20.20 cm, at retest = 74.56 ± 21.12 cm (p = .124), and an intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.913 (95% confidence interval = 0.866–0.943). Boys exhibited a greater performance than girls at 3- to 5-years old, but no significant differences were found at 6 years old. In whole group, the SLJ performance was higher with increased age. However, no significant differences were found between boys aged 5 and 6 years.Conclusion:This study provides references values for muscle strength assessment through SLJ test carried out on a large sample of Spanish preschoolers.

Reference values for airway resistance measured by the interrupter technique in preschool children

OBJECTIVE: In preschool children, diagnosis of asthma is difficult because of not using spirometry objectively. instead of spirometry, other techiques that not required sedation and cooperation to evaluate pulmonary functions. Interrupter technique that measures the resistance of the airway, is one of these methods. Insufficient of references values hamper the use of this technique commonly. In this study,to determine the referencesal values of Turkish preschool children for interrupter technique is intended. METHODS: 50 healthy children who applied between January 2008 and September 2008 to the Behcet Uz Children Hospital, were accepted for this study. During the expiratory phase of tidal breathing interrupter technique for airway resistance measurements were performed. At least 5 measurements were made for each case, and median values of these measurements were the base. References values were determined according to age and height. RESULTS: There were 28 boys (%56), 22 girls (%44); the average age is 3.2 ± 1.8 years respectively. The average value for Rint 0.489 kPa. L-1. s was determined.Rint values decrease with increasing age was observed (p <0.001). Rint value with the increase in height was found to be a significant reduction (p <0.001).Rint values will be calculated using the height parameter equation (Rint (e) = 1948-0015 × (cm)) was developed. CONCLUSION: Interrupter technique in preschool children with objective measurements of airway resistance will help in the diagnosis of asthma.Knowing reference values of healthy children may enable disseminated use of this tecnique.OBJECTIVE: In preschool children, diagnosis of asthma is difficult because of not using spirometry objectively. instead of spirometry, other techiques that not required sedation and cooperation to evaluate pulmonary functions. Interrupter technique that measures the resistance of the airway, is one of these methods. Insufficient of references values hamper the use of this technique commonly. In this study,to determine the referencesal values of Turkish preschool children for interrupter technique is intended. METHODS: 50 healthy children who applied between January 2008 and September 2008 to the Behcet Uz Children Hospital, were accepted for this study. During the expiratory phase of tidal breathing interrupter technique for airway resistance measurements were performed. At least 5 measurements were made for each case, and median values of these measurements were the base. References values were determined according to age and height. RESULTS: There were 28 boys (%56), 22 girls (%44); the average age is 3.2 ± 1.8 years respectively. The average value for Rint 0.489 kPa. L-1. s was determined.Rint values decrease with increasing age was observed (p <0.001). Rint value with the increase in height was found to be a significant reduction (p <0.001).Rint values will be calculated using the height parameter equation (Rint (e) = 1948-0015 × (cm)) was developed. CONCLUSION: Interrupter technique in preschool children with objective measurements of airway resistance will help in the diagnosis of asthma.Knowing reference values of healthy children may enable disseminated use of this tecnique.