Estimate of The Dynamical Change of Air TemperAture, Relative Humidity and Dew Point TemperaTure for Some Selected Station in Iraq

Relative humidity can be inferred from the dew point values. When the air temperature and dew point temperatures are very close, the air has high relative humidity. The converse is true when there is a large difference between the air temperature and the dew point temperature, indicating the presence of low humidity air. To understand the expected changes in the climatic elements in the atmosphere, changes in temperature behavior, dew point, and relative humidity have been studied This study used data obtained from the European Center (ECMWF), which includes monthly and annual mean temperatures, dew, and relative humidity during the period (1988-2018) for selected stations in Iraq. The highest values of temperature and dew were recorded in July and August, and they were accompanied by a decrease in relative humidity. The highest value of relative humidity was recorded in December and January, accompanied by a decrease in temperature and dew, as we note through the results that there is an inverse relationship between relative humidity, temperature, and dew point Relative humidity changes when the temperature rises or falls, and the relative humidity may be higher in the morning when the temperature drops. The lowest amount of relative humidity during the day is when the temperature rises, the highest temperature value was recorded on 21July 2017 (12:00 PM) for Basra Station, while the highest relative value is humidity in Basra Governorate. Mosul station on January 21, 2014 (12:00 AM), and the reason is due to meteorological factors and the nature of the geographical area.

Geometrizing non-relativistic bilinear deformations

We define three fundamental solvable bilinear deformations for any massive non-relativistic 2d quantum field theory (QFT). They include the $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$ T T ¯ deformation and the recently introduced hard rod deformation. We show that all three deformations can be interpreted as coupling the non-relativistic QFT to a specific Newton-Cartan geometry, similar to the Jackiw-Teitelboim-like gravity in the relativistic case. Using the gravity formulations, we derive closed-form deformed classical Lagrangians of the Schrödinger model with a generic potential. We also extend the dynamical change of coordinate interpretation to the non-relativistic case for all three deformations. The dynamical coordinates are then used to derive the deformed classical Lagrangians and deformed quantum S-matrices.

Complex multi-decadal ice dynamical change inland of marine-terminating glaciers on the Greenland Ice Sheet

Greenland's future contribution to sea-level rise is strongly dependent on the extent to which dynamic perturbations, originating at the margin, can drive increased ice flow within the ice-sheet interior. However, reported observations of ice dynamical change at distances >~50 km from the margin have a very low spatial and temporal resolution. Consequently, the likely response of the ice-sheet's interior to future oceanic and atmospheric warming is poorly constrained. Through combining GPS and satellite-image-derived ice velocity measurements, we measure multi-decadal (1993–1997 to 2014–2018) velocity change at 45 inland sites, encompassing all regions of the ice sheet. We observe an almost ubiquitous acceleration inland of tidewater glaciers in west Greenland, consistent with acceleration and retreat at glacier termini, suggesting that terminus perturbations have propagated considerable distances (>100 km) inland. In contrast, outside of Kangerlussuaq, we observe no acceleration inland of tidewater glaciers in east Greenland despite terminus retreat and near-terminus acceleration, and suggest propagation may be limited by the influence of basal topography and ice geometry. This pattern of inland dynamical change indicates that Greenland's future contribution to sea-level will be spatially complex and will depend on the capacity for dynamic changes at individual outlet glacier termini to propagate inland.

Geometrizing $$ T\overline{T} $$

The $$ T\overline{T} $$ T T ¯ deformation can be formulated as a dynamical change of coordinates. We establish and generalize this relation to curved spaces by coupling the undeformed theory to 2d gravity. For curved space the dynamical change of coordinates is supplemented by a dynamical Weyl transformation. We also sharpen the holographic correspondence to cutoff AdS3 in multiple ways. First, we show that the action of the annular region between the cutoff surface and the boundary of AdS3 is given precisely by the $$ T\overline{T} $$ T T ¯ operator integrated over either the cutoff surface or the asymptotic boundary. Then we derive dynamical coordinate and Weyl transformations directly from the bulk. Finally, we reproduce the flow equation for the deformed stress tensor from the cutoff geometry.

Detecting the outbreak of influenza based on the shortest path of dynamic city network

The influenza pandemic causes a large number of hospitalizations and even deaths. There is an urgent need for an efficient and effective method for detecting the outbreak of influenza so that timely, appropriate interventions can be made to prevent or at least prepare for catastrophic epidemics. In this study, we proposed a computational method, the shortest-path-based dynamical network marker (SP-DNM), to detect the pre-outbreak state of influenza epidemics by monitoring the dynamical change of the shortest path in a city network. Specifically, by mapping the real-time information to a properly constructed city network, our method detects the early-warning signal prior to the influenza outbreak in both Tokyo and Hokkaido for consecutive 9 years, which demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

Complex multi-decadal ice dynamical change within the interior of the Greenland Ice Sheet

<p>Observations of ice dynamical change in the interior of the Greenland Ice Sheet, at distances >~100 km from the ice-margin, are sparse, exhibiting very low spatial and temporal resolution (e.g. Sole et al., 2013; Doyle et al., 2014; Van de Wal et al., 2015). As such, the behaviour of interior Greenland ice represents a significant unknown in our understanding of the likely response of the ice sheet to oceanic and atmospheric forcing. The observation of a 2.2 % increase in ice velocity over a three-year period at a location 140 km from the ice margin in South West Greenland (Doyle et a., 2014) has been inferred to suggest that the ice sheet interior has undergone persistent flow acceleration. It remains unclear, however, whether this observation is representative of wider trends across the ice sheet.</p><p>Here, we investigate changes in ice motion within Greenland’s interior by utilising recent satellite-derived ice velocities covering the period 2013-2018 (Gardner et al., 2019) in conjunction with in-situ velocities collected at 30 km intervals along the 2000 m elevation contour during the mid-1990s (Thomas et al., 2000). Previous observations from the late-1990s/early-2000s through to late-2000s/early-2010s have revealed significant speed-up at many of Greenland’s tidewater glaciers (e.g. Bevan et al., 2012; Murray et al., 2015), in contrast to widespread deceleration within the ablation zone of the South West land-terminating margin (e.g. Tedstone et al., 2015; Van de Wal et al., 2015; Stevens et al., 2016). The recent availability of satellite data enables us to compare annual ice velocities from the period 2013-2018 to those collected at GPS stations in the mid-1990s, thereby enabling us to detect any long-term changes in ice-sheet wide inland ice motion during a period of considerable climatic and potentially significant dynamic change.</p><p>We observe multi-decadal interior ice acceleration of >15 % at Jakobshavn Isbrae, with similar inland accelerations at Kangerlugssuaq, Sermiligarssuk Brae and Narsap Sermia, and smaller velocity increases upstream of other marine-terminating outlets; these accelerations suggest that dynamic change at the margins has propagated considerable distances into the ice sheet interior. By contrast, ice velocities have slowed inland of some tidewater outlets such as Helheim Glacier, Umiamako Isbrae and Hagen Brae, confirming complex spatial variability in interior response to oceanic and atmospheric forcing. Furthermore, whilst prior work suggested that South West Greenland’s land-terminating sector experienced persistent interior speed-up between 2009 and 2012 (Doyle et al., 2014), our results reveal a >10% multi-decadal slowdown within the same sector, suggesting this region is resilient to recent increases in surface melt forcing.</p>

Coded Permutation Entropy: A Measure for Dynamical Changes Based on the Secondary Partitioning of Amplitude Information

An improved permutation entropy (PE) algorithm named coded permutation entropy (CPE) is proposed in this paper to optimize the problems existing in PE based on the secondary partitioning. The principle of CPE algorithm is given, and the performance of it for dynamical change detection is analyzed using synthetic signal, logistic map and Lorenz map. The detection ability of CPE algorithm in different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) is studied and the algorithm complexity is discussed. The results show that CPE can accurately capture minor feature information and amplify the detection results of dynamical changes compared with PE, weighted permutation entropy (WPE) and amplitude-aware permutation entropy (AAPE), but it has less robustness to noise and requires a higher computation cost than the others. Finally, we use the new algorithm to analyze the rolling bearing fault signals. The application of actual signals illustrates that CPE performs better in detecting abnormal pulse of the rolling bearing when the embedded dimension is small. From all the analyses in this paper, we find that CPE has a better performance for dynamical change detection compared with the other three algorithms when there is a larger repetition rate of permutation pattern in the position sequences.

Abnormal dynamics of cascading edge failures with congestion effect

Considering congestion effects in realistic network environments, we give a new method to adjust dynamically adjust the weight of the congested edge. We calculate the load on an edge based on the revised betweenness method and propose a novel model with three states of edges to investigate the dynamics of cascading failures in the ring network, the BA scale-free network, and the real traffic networks in London. By two robust metrics, we surprisingly observe the abnormal dynamics of cascading propagation, especially compared with that in the unadjustable weight, the curves of cascading dynamics in the adjustable weight are more irregular, which means that enhancing the capacity of each edge is not always better to avoid the cascading propagation. In addition, our simulation results show that the dynamical change of the edge’s weight makes the heterogeneous BA networks more vulnerable.