The use of exogenous enzymes to optimize gut function in pigs

Exogenous enzymes are used in pig diets to improve the availability and digestibility of some non-accessible nutrients. As result of this enhanced digestion, short fragments of these molecules may become available in the distal foregut and the hindgut and modulate microbiota composition, gut barrier integrity, and overall animal health. This chapter reviews the effects of different exogenous enzymes (carbohydrases, phytases, proteases and lipases) on nutrient digestibility, gut microbial ecology, and barrier function and immunity of pigs at different ages (sows, weaned piglets, growing/fattening pigs). Exogenous enzymes are usually included into feeds as blends so they can complement each other’s activities and further improve the accessibility to non-digestible structures. Exogenous enzymes used in feed manufacturing for more than 30 years, initially to improve the digestive function of non-digestible nutrients (i.e. fibre, phytic acid, etc.), more recently other indirect actions on the regulation of gut microbiota and gut health have gained interest.

Effects of a dry acidulant addition to prevent Salmonella Contamination in Poultry Feed

Salmonella subs. serovar enteritidis is a potential biological pathogen of concern in the poultry industry. Contamination of the bacterium on eggshells has led to human illnesses. With the implementation of new regulations, animal feed manufacturing continues to be under more stringent requirements. Specifically, there is zero tolerance for Salmonella Pullorum, Gallinarum, or Enteritidis in poultry feed. For this reason, it is important to determine an effective method of reducing or preventing Salmonella contamination in feed for poultry. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of sodium bisulfate (SBS; Jones-Hamilton, Co., Walbridge, OH) added to poultry mash to reduce or prevent Salmonella growth over time. A single, commercially produced all-flock poultry mash was mixed with four different levels of SBS: 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.70%. After SBS addition, the treated mash was inoculated with Salmonella enterica subsp, enterica Serovar enteritidis (ATCC 13076) and enumerated for Salmonella on day 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 post-inoculation by plating on XLD agar. There was no significant effect of SBS inclusion level on the reduction of Salmonella (P = 0.23); however, there was a significant effect of time across treatments (P < 0.0001). Additionally, there was no inclusion level × time interaction (P = 0.68). These results suggest that while SBS inclusion has no effect on Salmonella concentrations, storage time is effective at reducing or eliminating Salmonella contamination in poultry feed.

Evaluating the distribution of African swine fever virus within a feed mill environment following manufacture of inoculated feed

It is critical to understand the role feed manufacturing may have regarding potential African swine fever virus (ASFV) transmission, especially given the evidence that feed and/or ingredients may be potential vectors. The objective of the study was to evaluate the distribution of ASFV in a feed mill following manufacture of contaminated feed. To accomplish this, a pilot-scale feed mill consisting of a mixer, bucket elevator, and spouting was constructed in a BSL-3Ag facility. First, a batch of ASFV-free feed was manufactured, followed by a batch of feed that had an ASFV-contaminated ingredient added to feed, which was then mixed and discharged from the equipment. Subsequently, four additional ASFV-free batches of feed were manufactured using the same equipment. Environmental swabs from 18 locations within the BSL-3Ag room were collected after each batch of feed was discharged. The locations of the swabs were categorized into four zones: 1) feed contact surface, 2) non-feed contact surface < 1 meter away from feed, 3) non-feed contact surface > 1 meter from feed, and 4) transient surfaces. Environmental swabs were analyzed using a qPCR specific for the ASFV p72 gene and reported as genomic copy number (CN)/mL of environmental swab processing buffer. Genomic copies were transformed with a log10 function for statistical analysis. There was no evidence of a zone × batch interaction for log10 genomic CN/mL (P = 0.625) or cycle threshold (Ct) value (P = 0.608). Sampling zone impacted the log10 p72 genomic CN/mL (P < 0.0001) and Ct values (P < 0.0001), with a greater amount of viral genome detected on transient surfaces compared to other surfaces (P < 0.05). This study illustrates that once ASFV enters the feed mill environment it becomes widespread and movement of people can significantly contribute to the spread of ASFV in a feed mill environment.

Using environmental sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of decontamination methods to reduce detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus RNA on feed manufacturing surfaces

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a possible biological hazard in feed mills. If the virus enters a feed mill, it becomes widely distributed and is difficult to decontaminate from both feed contact and non-feed contact surfaces. The objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of liquid and dry decontamination treatments that could be used to reduce the amount of PEDV found on feed manufacturing surfaces. This experiment was designed as a 5 × 10 factorial with 5 different feed manufacturing surfaces and 10 decontamination treatments with 3 replicates of each combination. Surfaces included stainless steel, solid polyethylene, woven polypropylene tote bag, rubber, and sealed concrete coupons. One mL (1×10 5 TCID50/mL) of stock PEDV was applied to each surface and allowed to dry completely for 60 min. Next, for decontamination requiring surface application, the application was performed and allowed 15 min contact time. The quantity of PEDV RNA was determined using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. A decontamination treatment × surface interaction was observed (P &lt; 0.0001), indicating the efficacy of treatment is dependent upon the surface in which it is applied. Within the cement surfaces, the sodium hypochlorite resulted in the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) cycle threshold (Ct) value, followed by formaldehyde which had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) Ct value compared to remaining treatments. Within polyethylene, rubber, and stainless steel surfaces, the formaldehyde treated surfaces had the greatest Ct values (P &lt; 0.05), followed by the sodium hypochlorite treatment, with other treatments all having lower Ct values (P &lt; 0.05). For the woven polyethylene surfaces, the formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite treatments had greater Ct values compared to all other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Additional research is necessary to identify the role of decontamination treatment on PEDV infectivity and develop methods for decontamination of feed manufacturing facilities.

Identification of Secondary Metabolites and Proximate Analysis of Golden Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata L.) Meat Extract

The growth of golden apple snails is very rapid and causes losses of paddy production. Therefore snails are also called pest, especially agricultural pest. Control of golden apple snails can be done by physical hand sorting and then processed into animal feed. Based on research golden apple snails proven have good nutritional content. Efforts to use golden apples nails pets become useful things such as animal feed is a sustainable conservation. Therefore, this study aims to carry out secondary metabolites identification, proximate testing, and antioxidant content of golden apple snails as an initial reference for the basic ingredients of animal feed manufacturing. The method use is hand sorting of golden apple snails at the research location, then brought to the laboratory to carry out the process of secondary metabolites identification, proximate testing, and antioxidant analysis. The results showed a golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata L.) extract containing active compunds of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols, steroids, and glycoside. Proximate analysis showed that golden apple snails extract had a high protein content of 40,83% compared to carbohydrates and fats. These findings suggested that golden apple snailsmeat extract has the potential to be further utilized as an alternative feed for Pangasius sp.Keywords: golden apple snails. Pangasius sp., proximate testing, secondary metabolites.

Processing techniques to optimize digestibility and nutritional value of animal feed

This chapter reviews the effects of feed manufacturing processes on the nutritional value of feed. It discusses the effects of particle size reduction and pelleting on feed digestibility and the overall performance of pigs/swine and broiler chickens.

Pembuatan pakan alami untuk pengembangan kepiting cangkang lunak di Desa Pulau Cawan Kecamatan Mandah kabupaten Indragiri Hilir

Mud crabs are mangrove crabs that are cultivated and harvested when molting so that their shells become soft and easy to consume. The purpose of this activity is to increase people's income in Desa Pulau Cawan, Kecamatan Mandah, Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, through soft shell crab cultivation by introducing environmentally friendly cultivation techniques, but it can produce added value in terms of improving the family's economy through soft-shell crab cultivation, one of which is training in making natural feed. This is based on information from farmers who have never received training on feed manufacturing. Through the foster village program, knowledge and technology are given about techniques for making natural feed from lime water and spinach extract as a substitute for vitamalt which is quite expensive. The methods used in the Community activities of the foster Village are lectures, discussions and direct practice with POKDAKAN, starting with the preparation of spinach extract, trash fish, lime water, mixing and drying. The results of the evaluation of the counseling participants showed that 24 participants had never known about making natural feed from lime water and spinach extract as soka crab feed. After participating in this training activity there was an increase of 86.96% in knowledge about how to make natural feed. The partner's assessment of the implementation of this activity is 52.17% strongly agree that this natural feed can be made independently; 52.17% strongly agree that giving lime water and spinach extract to the artificial feed mixture of trash fish has an effect on the acceleration of the molting process in crabs and does not affect the survival of crabs; 60.87% strongly agreed that it could be an alternative livelihood; strongly agree that the molting process in soft-shell crab cultivation is the same as when the crabs are given a vitamolt, which is 20 days.

Standard Maintenance Practice for Feed Pellet Operation

Plant Engineering, Maintenance, Repair and over hauling are most important in manufacturing industries. The aim of this paper is to identify and suggest good standard maintenance practice for feed milling operation in an animal feed manufacturing unit. It derives various results based on practical implementation in feed mill operation and data provided are an actual drawn in feed mill in a feed manufacturing industry. The outcome is discussed and studied in compare with standard maintenance practices.