Rules of incidental operation risk propagation in metro networks under fully automatic operations mode

The frequent interruptions of network operation due to any incident suggest the necessity to study the rules of operational risk propagation in metro networks, especially under fully automatic operations mode. In this study, risk indicator computation models were developed by analyzing risk propagation processes within transfer stations and metro networks. Moreover, indicator variance rules for a transfer station and different structural networks were discussed and verified through simulation. After reviewing the simulation results, it was concluded that under the impacts of both sudden incident and peak passenger flow, the more the passengers coming from platform inlets, the longer the non-incidental line platform total train operation delay and the higher the crowding degree. However, train headway has little influence on non-incidental line platform risk development. With respect to incident risk propagation in a metro network, the propagation speed varies with network structure, wherein an annular-radial network is the fastest, a radial is moderately fast, and a grid-type network is the slowest. The conclusions are supposed to be supports for metro operation safety planning and network design.

ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ORGANIZATION OF SERVICE OBJECTS LOCATED ON TRANSPORT HUBS

The article discusses the main aspects of the architectural and planning organization of service facilities for transport hubs. The main blocks of the functional planning structure of transport interchange hubs (T.I.HUB), elements of their structure and principles of placement in the structure of large cities have been formed in the center, in the structure of residential areas, in historical city centers, and in the contact zone of urban and suburban development. The work substantiates the relevance of the development regarding the design of transport hubs (T.HUB)s in the structure of modern cities, which are constantly and systematically developing, increasing the need for the transportation of an increasing number of passengers. The dynamic development of modern infrastructural cities, especially large ones, require a revision of the norms and dimensions of transfer stations, the landing front of stops, the reorganization of the inner spaces of the transport hubs (T.HUB), etc. The design and construction of transport hubs can be carried out in a completely new construction, reconstruction or reconstruction with modernization, or in the difficult conditions. Already today, many big cities are suffering from traffic jams bordering on collapse, especially during peak hours. Therefore, this problem must be solved in all possible ways, especially attention should be paid to the architectural and planning organization of service facilities, which are located at the transport hub (T.HUB). A transport interchange hub is a nodal element of the city's planning structure, which allows organizational transfer of passengers between various types of urban and external (intercity, international) passenger transport or between different lines of the same type of transport in an urban structure. For example, transport hubs (T.HUB) are possible in the structure of the functioning of a railway transport hub from one railway line to another. Transport interchange hubs (T.I.HUB)can be specialized or multifunctional, and include a number of facilities for passing passenger services and social infrastructure: accumulative lobbies in front of the entrance group ("entrance" - "exit"), a foyer with digital validation of electronic tickets and cards on different routes of passengers; cargo and goods rooms for baggage claim (at airports, river stations and railway stations); customs premises (if we are talking about international flights departing from transport hubs (T.HUB); intercepting parking lots and taxi and bus stands; public service facilities; shops, catering establishments; financial institutions, etc. As noted earlier, we can talk about six types of transport hubs (T.HUB) in the structure of the designed and existing nodes on land, underground, river, rail, sea and air transport. Thus, modern transport hubs can be organized not only in the city structure, but also in ports, railways. railway stations and airports, which can significantly expand their typological range of service facilities.

Environmental assessment of MSW collection/transport using biomethane in mid-sized metropolitan areas of developing countries

The novelty of this paper is the focus solely on MSW collection/transport in mid-sized metropolitan regions of developing countries, using biomethane (which can be supplied by the MSW management system) an alternative fuel and different waste collection methods. The eight proposed scenarios, compared to the baseline scenario, combine diesel and biowaste, doorto-door and bring collection methods, as well as two different levels of sourceseparated collection. The results have shown if the collection vehicles use biomethane, the impacts will always be significantly lower than using diesel (between 68–98%, depending on the impact category and scenario), even accounting with the uncertainty of the results. In this particular case-study, increasing source-separated collection also reduced the transport impacts in 40–50%, as the transfer stations are closer to the recycling facilities than the landfills. This is because the fuel consumption of transport is a function of distance, so is the impact. Therefore, this study recommends: using biomethane produced from anaerobic digestion of organic waste instead of diesel to expand circular MSW management; establishing transfer stations for the municipalities located more than 25 km away from waste management facilities; expanding the collection coverage to 100%; increasing sourceseparated collection and recycling.

Analyzing Influencing Factors of Transfer Passenger Flow of Urban Rail Transit: A New Approach Based on Nested Logit Model Considering Transfer Choices

With the continuous improvement of the operation line network of urban rail transit, analyzing influencing factors of transfer passenger flow of urban rail transit is critical to improve the transfer demand analysis of urban rail transit. Using data collected from questionnaires, transfer passenger flow surveys and smart cards, this study proposes an approach base on nested logit passenger flow assignment model considering transfer choice behaviours of passengers. The transfer passenger flow at seven transfer stations in Nanjing is obtained. Subsequently, this study investigates the potential influencing factors of transfer passenger flow, including the node degree, geographic location (located in the city center, urban fringe, suburbs or suburban fringe), economic location (distance from the city center) and transportation locations (if it is close to a transportation hub or in combination with the hub) of rail transit transfer stations. The results indicate that a positive correlation between the transfer passenger flow and the node degrees of transfer stations. However, the relationship between transfer passenger flow and the economic, geographic, and transportation locations of transfer stations is not clear. The finding have reference value for the network design of rail transit transfer stations and transfer facilities, and provide reference for the analysis of passenger flow under network operation.