Food as a factor of fertility, development duration, and changes in morphometric parameters in Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky)

Relevance.The physiology of insects nutrition and digestion reflects the diversity of their food specialization, aimed at the most effective use of feed. The choice of the object of nutrition is provided by attractants in it, as well as the presence of substances necessary for the insect to pass the stages of development and general nutrition. On the other hand, the “plant-phytophage” system has well-developed barriers that limit the choice of plants by insects for settling, feeding, and eggs laying. In the modern literature, there is very little information on the effect of food plants on fertility, development duration, and changes in morphometric parameters in 28-spotted potato ladybird Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky). However, they are important for understanding the ecology of the pest and developing effective control measures.Research methodology. The laboratory colony of Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky) was established in 2019. Adults were collected in various locations throughout Primorsky Territory, Russia. For an introduction into the culture of the insectarium, imagos, clutches, and larvae were collected in natural habitats. Standard methods of keeping and breeding insect cultures were used, aimed at optimizing the parameters of the environment, the density of the content, and the feed supply.Results. The uneven influence of crops on different aspects of the ontogenesis of the potato ladybird was revealed. The potato was the most favorable food in most experiments. When feeding with this crop, the smallest incubation period of eggs, the largest sizes of larvae of initial ages, the largest sizes of pupae, fertility, low mortality was observed, and as a result, the largest growth coefficient (3.22±0.22) and the shortest period of development from eggs to imago (21.3±0.81) were revealed. The remaining forage plants used in the study showed a less unambiguous result. The different influence of crops on both individual indicators and the ontogenetic periods of the phytophage was found. When eating tomato, cucumber, pumpkin, lime, high overall mortality was noted. At the same time, linden stimulated the development of eggs and the growth of young larvae but provoked low fertility and a general prolongation of the development period. According to the set of characteristics, pumpkin, cucumber, and linden were the least favorable for nutrition.

ТЕХНОГЕНЕЗ И СТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ РЕАКЦИИ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ ВИДОВ: ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ, АДАПТАЦИИ, СТРАТЕГИИ. ЧАСТЬ 3. ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РАДИАЛЬНЫЙ ПРИРОСТ И КОРНЕВЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ.

The present publication is the third of four reviews of reports that have been published over the last 20 years to address the responses of arboreal plants at different hierarchical levels of their organization to anthropogenic factors. Here, the impact of different types of industrial pollution on the radial accretion of the stock and on the rootage is considered. Most studies evidence that industrial pollution leads to unequivocal decreases in the radial accretion and in the sensitivity of the accretion to climatic cues, to the redistribution of the early and late wood in the total accretion, to changes in the durations of the ontogenetic periods and disorders in ontogenetic cycles, to the emergence or loss of the false annual zones, to accelerated senescence of forests, and to increases in the dependencies of accretion on the distance between forests and the sources of pollution and on the features of landscape. The decreases in the annual zone widths strongly depend on the contents of metals and microelements in the zones. Upon a decrease in pollutant discharges, the annual accretion may become restored. With that, some types of oil products, radionuclides and mixed pollutants can stimulate accretion depending on plant species, age, and conditions. As a rule, industrial or experimental pollution causes significant decreases in soil contents of all rootage components. The adaptive responses of rootage to pollution include redistribution of its different components in favor of some of them upon the background of the general rootage decline. Roots may “avoid” the most polluted soil layers and may actively excrete exudates able to prevent the penetration of a pollutant into rootage. Pollution with oil products may stimulate soil saturation with the rootage of most coniferous and only some deciduous plants. The radioactive pollution is more hazardous for rootage growth than for the radial accretion.

Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake

Diet and morphology of Serrapinnus notomelas and Serrapinnus sp.1 were investigated across ontogeny, as a way to elucidate the key elements linked to the resource partitioning (a main driver for species coexistence). Fish sampling was conducted monthly between October 2010 and March 2012. Individuals were captured, identified, and classified into juvenile or adult. Our results show ontogenetic and interspecific differences in feeding abilities and morphological traits. Differences in body shape (relative area of the dorsal fin, length of head, height of the caudal peduncle, the aspect ratio of the pectoral and pelvic fin) favored divergent swimming performances (more maneuverability in S. notomelas and continuous swimming to Serrapinnus sp.1). We also observed divergences in trophic apparatus traits and correlations with different diets. In this context, it is highlighted that understanding the relationship between morphology and diet can assist in elucidating the processes that permeate the coexistence between sympatric species, and between ontogenetic periods. Besides, the relevant contribution of the measures of the trophic apparatus (gill raker length, the number of teeth cuspids, and intestinal coefficient) in trophic segregation seems to be a strong evidence in favor of the proposed discriminatory and predictive capacities of these traits.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF AGE STATES OF Scutellaria stevenii Juz. (Scutellaria orientalis subsp. orientalis) IN PHYTOCОENOSES OF THE CRIMEA FOOTHILLS

The life cycle implementation features for most plants are species-specific, which is reflected in a change in the morphological, anatomical and physiological spheres of the plant. A study of plant ontogenesis allows a deeper understanding of both the coenotic features of the population and the degree of influence of the environment on the implementation of plant ontomorphogenesis. This work is devoted to the study of the life cycle of one of the taxonomically controversial species for Crimea - Scutellaria stevenii Juz. Ontogenesis study of Scutellaria stevenii was carried out in nature and for seedlings and juvenile individuals in a laboratory. The concept of a discrete description of ontogenesis was used to describe the life cycle of Scutellaria stevenii, under which to revealed a group of anatomical and morphological features characteristic of each onotogenetic state.The study of the anatomical structure of the vegetative organs (root, stem, flower-bearing shoot) was carried out using temporary preparations of a living tissue with standard methods. In this study the life cycle of Scutellaria stevenii contains 4 ontogenetic periods and 10 age states, which are realized in full or partial ontogenesis. In the case of normal development, ontogenesis of genets lasts 10-16 years. In virginal individuals growing on mobile ecotopes, a polyvariant type of development have been found. Polyvariant individuals form the primary bush with xylorizomes of different lengths which carry the function of additional fixation in the soil and the formation of partial bushes that lose their connection with the primary individual by the generative age. The ability of pregenerative individuals to vegetatively established in our study can be considered as compensatory adaptation due to the high death of seedlings in natural phytocоenoses. The anatomical features of the stem and root of various age states to identify morphologically unexpressed incomplete partition. These criteria is an important addition to the morphological identification of age.

ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF SONOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF THE UTERUS IN ACROBATS OF THE UKRAINIAN ETHNIC GROUP

Іntroduction: The absence of diagnostic of the female sex organs in time can lead to serious disoders of the female athletes’ reproductive system. There is few information in the literature about morphological evolution of the female sex organs, in particular, the uterus under the influence of sports. The aim: To determine the peculiarities of linear sonographic dimensions of the uterus, its position and shape in the acrobats of the Ukrainian ethnic group of high level of sportsmanship in different periods of puberty. Materials and methods: 122 acrobats of high level of sportsmanship and 126 girls who have not played sports were examined. The girls’ passport age was between 8 and 21 years old. In order to determine belonging to the Ukrainian ethnic group, all surveyed girls were given questionnaires where they were required to indicate the nationality and place of birth of their parents and grandparents. All girls were devided into three groups according to their biological age: athletes of prepubertal period of ontogenesis, duting puberty and athletes of postpubertal period of ontogenesis. Internal sex organs of all girls were examined by ultrasound diagnostic system of expert class Voluson 730 Pro (ATL, Austria) using a convex sensor RAB2-5L. The uterus was examined by the following program: determined its position and shape and 3 linear dimensions (length, width and thickness). The analysis of the obtained results was carried out in the licensed package Statistica 5.5 using nonparametric methods of estimation of indicators. Results: The monitoring of the growth and development of the uterus in different ontogenetic periods in acrobats and women who are not involved in sports was analysed. We found, that the length of the uterus at all stages of puberty in acrobats was significantly less than in the girls of the control group. The width of the uterus was statistically significantly smaller in female athletes in the pre- and post-pubertal periods, and in puberty. The thickness of the uterus under the influence of acrobatic sports activity does not undergo significant changes in all periods of ontogeny. Conclusions: Features of competitive activity in sports acrobatics as well as the result of sports selection lead to the delay of sexual development and, as a consequence, to the retardation of development of the uterus in all periods of puberty.

Expiriental Grounds of Classification and Psychotherapy of the Personality Development Problems

The problems of classification of psychological problems, which are particularly acute in the period of rejection of nosological (etiopathogenetic) grounds: normalization of pathological manifestations and tolerance to them are the essence of the cultural mainstream. Given the approach to etiopathogenic classification built on experiential grounds. Four classification axes are considered. The first axis of classification is the types of emotional schemes that are formed in ontogenesis early enough. The scheme includes five components: the actual primary "blocking" experience, the corresponding system of early memories, bodily manifestations (emotions-in-body), corresponding cognitive representations (interpretations) of situation and motivation. In the literature there are attempts at the classification of such schemes, which are called "early non-adaptive schemes" (John Young), however, in this version of the classification confused primary and secondary "blocking" experiences and they are not tied to certain ontogenetic periods and psychotrauma. Therefore, the classification of emotional schemes needs further elaboration. The second axis of classification is the type of personal process, which is determined by the structure of the organization of the psyche. Type of personal process, and they are four (optimal, fragile, dissociative and psychotic), determines the ability of the client to move in psychotherapy. The third axis of classification is the type of organism flow and the level of its actualization. K. Rogers has left the list organismic tendencies. The fourth axis of the classification – the degree of acceptance of the personality of the body flow, that is the depth of self-actualization.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PERSONALITY’S RELIGIOUS SOCIALIZATION: AGE PECULIARITIES

The article summarizes theoretical analysis of the concepts "socialization" and "religious socialization" which is defined as the process of "the entry of a person or group of people into a religious way of life, the assimilation of their religious values and norms of behavior, and, as a consequence, the change of relations with society caused by professed religious laws." As a result of this process, people adapt to the appropriate cultural environment and become separated from a certain part of society; reveals sociological, psychological, pedagogical approaches as the basic scientific contexts of the consideration; compares the role of main agents in religious socialization — parents, religion, different religious organizations and person’s coevals. The most widely studied ontogenetic periods of religious socialization, namely childhood, adolescence and early adolescence, are noted. At the same time, it emphasizes the period of ontogeny that has not been practically studied, such as late adolescence and periods of adulthood. And since the aforementioned age stages are a period of bright flowering of personality, which develops and manifests itself in the activity of the individual, then it is expedient to study here not so much the influence and interaction of the agents of socialization, as their own attitude, the person's assessment of their religiosity. The role of personality’s own religious activity as the subject factor of his\her religious socialization has been substantiated. Results of the comparative empirical study on expression degree of the main aspects of religious activity in adolescence and early adulthood have been described and interpreted. It has been stated that in the majority of religious, as well as pre-religious feelings and internal motives of religiousness, with certain age, the experience has weakened due to the feeling of loneliness, the feeling of "déjà vu" and the bifurcation of personality’s religious self-consciousness between "sinful" and "righteous", and, therefore, the effectiveness of appealing to God in order to attain the desired state of well-being has intensified.

Family structure and family education as the factors for personal development of preschooler

This article is devoted to analysis of personal characteristics of preschoolers in relation to the factors of gender, family structure (complete or one-parent, the presence of sibling) and family upbringing (parenting styles, parent-child emotional interaction). The study involved 155 boys, 157 girls and 312 mothers from Saint-Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Arkhangelsk. The age of children — from 4 to 7 years. We used the test and projective techniques. The study revealed that children from single parent families had higher indicators of anxiety, insecurity, depressiveness, self-distrust, hostility, feeling of inferiority, conflicts and difficulties in communication. In families with pronounced overprotection and characteristics of an authoritarian style children had lower self- esteem and higher indicators of anxiety and hostility. Children's aggressiveness was more pronounced in the case of permissive style and instability of parenting style. It was shown that emotional well-being in the parent-child relationships can be regarded as a resource for personal development of the child: understanding the causes of child s state, empathy. However we revealed that one third part of mothers had difficulties in emotional interaction with children. The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (project №13-06-00480 «The family as a resource of child´s mental development in stable and critical ontogenetic periods»).

The roles of sensitization and neuroplasticity in the long-term regulation of blood pressure and hypertension

After decades of investigation, the causes of essential hypertension remain obscure. The contribution of the nervous system has been excluded by some on the basis that baroreceptor mechanisms maintain blood pressure only over the short term. However, this point of view ignores one of the most powerful contributions of the brain in maintaining biological fitness—specifically, the ability to promote adaptation of behavioral and physiological responses to cope with new challenges and maintain this new capacity through processes involving neuroplasticity. We present a body of recent findings demonstrating that prior, short-term challenges can induce persistent changes in the central nervous system to result in an enhanced blood pressure response to hypertension-eliciting stimuli. This sensitized hypertensinogenic state is maintained in the absence of the inducing stimuli, and it is accompanied by sustained upregulation of components of the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and other molecular changes recognized to be associated with central nervous system neuroplasticity. Although the heritability of hypertension is high, it is becoming increasingly clear that factors beyond just genes contribute to the etiology of this disease. Life experiences and attendant changes in cellular and molecular components in the neural network controlling sympathetic tone can enhance the hypertensive response to recurrent, sustained, or new stressors. Although the epigenetic mechanisms that allow the brain to be reprogrammed in the face of challenges to cardiovascular homeostasis can be adaptive, this capacity can also be maladaptive under conditions present in different evolutionary eras or ontogenetic periods.