Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Associated With Reconnection and Ultra Low Frequency Waves at the Ground: A Case Study

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) and its effects relating to the transfer of energy and mass from the solar wind into the magnetosphere remain an important focus of magnetospheric physics. One such effect is the generation of Pc4-Pc5 ultra low frequency (ULF) waves (periods of 45–600 s). On July 3, 2007 at ∼ 0500 magnetic local time the Cluster space mission encountered Pc4 frequency Kelvin-Helmholtz waves (KHWs) at the high latitude magnetopause with signatures of persistent vortices. Such signatures included bipolar fluctuations of the magnetic field normal component associated with a total pressure increase and rapid change in density at vortex edges; oscillations of magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasma populations; existence of fast-moving, low-density, mixed plasma; quasi-periodic oscillations of the boundary normal and an anti-phase relation between the normal and parallel components of the boundary velocity. The event occurred during a period of southward polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field according to the OMNI data and THEMIS observations at the subsolar point. Several of the KHI vortices were associated with reconnection indicated by the Walén relation, the presence of deHoffman-Teller frames, field-aligned ion beams observed together with bipolar fluctuations in the normal magnetic field component, and crescent ion distributions. Global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the event also resulted in KHWs at the magnetopause. The observed KHWs associated with reconnection coincided with recorded ULF waves at the ground whose properties suggest that they were driven by those waves. Such properties were the location of Cluster’s magnetic foot point, the Pc4 frequency, and the solar wind conditions.

A Backward Monte Carlo method for fast-ion-loss simulations

This paper presents a novel scheme to improve the statistics of simulated fast-ion loss signals and power loads to plasma-facing components in fusion devices. With the so-called Backward Monte Carlo method, the probabilities of marker particles reaching a chosen target surface can be approximately traced from the target back into the plasma. Utilizing the probabilities as {\it a priori} information for the well-established Forward Monte Carlo method, statistics in fast-ion simulations are significantly improved. For testing purposes, the scheme has been implemented to the ASCOT suite of codes and applied to a realistic ASDEX Upgrade configuration of beam-ion distributions.

Magnetic field influence on the Penning discharge characteristics

In this work characteristics of pulsed penning ion source for miniature linear accelerators was investigated by experimental measurements and PIC (Particle-In-Cell) simulations. The paper presents dependences of the discharge current and extracted current on intensities of the uniform magnetic field for different pressure. Also, typical examples of the current pulse waveforms obtained by PIC simulation and experiment for different magnetic field are presented. The simulated electron and ion distributions inside discharge gap give qualitative explanation of the experimentally observed fluctuations in current pulses. These current fluctuations arise as a result of the violation of the electric field axial symmetry due to the electron spoke movement of the towards the anode.

Origin of electroneutrality in living system

Identifying the first chemical transformations, from which life emerged is a central problem in the theories of life’s origins. These reactions would likely have been self-sustaining and self-reproductive before the advent of complex biochemical pathways found in modern organisms to synthesize lipid membranes, enzymes, or nucleic acids. Without lipid membranes and enzymes, exceedingly low concentrations of the organic intermediates of early metabolic cycles in protocells would have significantly hindered evolvability. To address this problem, we propose a mechanism, where a positive membrane potential elevates the concentration of the organic intermediates. In this mechanism, positively charged surfaces of protocell membranes due to accumulation of transition metals generate positive membrane potentials. We compute steady-state ion distributions and determine their stability in a protocell model to identify the key factors constraining achievable membrane potentials. We find that (i) violation of electroneutrality is necessary to induce nonzero membrane potentials; (ii) strategies that generate larger membrane potentials can destabilize ion distributions; and (iii) violation of electroneutrality enhances osmotic pressure and diminishes reaction efficiency, thereby driving the evolution of lipid membranes, specialized ion channels, and active transport systems.SignificanceThe building blocks of life are constantly synthesized and broken down through concurrent cycles of chemical transformations. Tracing these reactions back 4 billion years to their origins has been a long-standing goal of evolutionary biology. The first metabolic cycles at the origin of life must have overcome several obstacles to spontaneously start and sustain their nonequilibrium states. Notably, maintaining the concentration of organic intermediates at high levels needed to support their continued operation and subsequent evolution would have been particularly challenging in primitive cells lacking evolutionarily tuned lipid membranes and enzymes. Here, we propose a mechanism, in which the concentration of organic intermediates could have been elevated to drive early metabolic cycles forward in primitive cells with ion-permeable porous membranes under prebiotic conditions and demonstrate its feasibility in a protocell model from first principles.

HelioSwarm: The Nature of Turbulence in Space Plasmas

<p>Recently selected for phase A study for NASA’s Heliophysics MidEx Announcement of Opportunity, the HelioSwarm Observatory proposes to transform our understanding of the physics of turbulence in space and astrophysical plasmas by deploying nine spacecraft to measure the local plasma and magnetic field conditions at many points, with separations between the spacecraft spanning MHD and ion scales.  HelioSwarm resolves the transfer and dissipation of turbulent energy in weakly-collisional magnetized plasmas with a novel configuration of spacecraft in the solar wind. These simultaneous multi-point, multi-scale measurements of space plasmas allow us to reach closure on two science goals comprised of six science objectives: (1) reveal how turbulent energy is transferred in the most probable, undisturbed solar wind plasma and distributed as a function of scale and time; (2) reveal how this turbulent cascade of energy varies with the background magnetic field and plasma parameters in more extreme solar wind environments; (3) quantify the transfer of turbulent energy between fields, flows, and ion heat; (4) identify thermodynamic impacts of intermittent structures on ion distributions; (5) determine how solar wind turbulence affects and is affected by large-scale solar wind structures; and (6) determine how strongly driven turbulence differs from that in the undisturbed solar wind. </p>

Global 6-dimensional hybrid-Vlasov modelling of the magnetosphere: First Vlasiator results

<p>Numerical simulations are key in modern space physics, as they can be used as 1) context to data, 2) predict future behaviour of the system, 3) understand the system using unforeseen boundary conditions, and increasingly also in 4) discovering new phenomena that are hard to be observed using point-wise satellite measurements. Especially, the discovery of new phenomena pertains to global systems, where phenomena of interest may be initiated far away from the point of observations. The most typical method of simulating the global solar wind - magnetosphere - ionosphere system is based on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), which is however not representing the actual plasma behaviour in locations where kinetic physics becomes important. Such regions are e.g., the foreshock - magnetosheath interaction, reconnection, and the inner magnetosphere.</p><p>Vlasiator is the world’s first and so far the only global simulation based on the hybrid-Vlasov approach that simulates the ion distributions accurately without noise. The simulation has, for computational reasons, been so far executed in 2D real space. Even so, the global 5D Vlasiator results have shown without a doubt that ion-kinetic effects cannot be neglected from the large scales, as small-scale phenomena affect large scales and vice versa. This scale coupling leads to phenomena that are not predicted using local simulations without proper boundary conditions, or with spacecraft measurements lacking the global context.</p><p>Here, we present the world’s first global 6-dimensional ion-kinetic global magnetospheric simulation run, accurate both locally and globally. The simulation box extends from the dayside to the nightside, and includes global dynamics and both dayside and nightside reconnection regions. We will investigate unambiguously for the first time the dayside magnetopause reconnection as driven by the kinetic variations in the magnetosheath, and tail reconnection as driven by magnetic flux from the dayside.</p>

Ion acoustic waves near a comet nucleus: Rosetta observations at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Ion acoustic waves were observed between 15 and 30 km from the centre of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft during its close flyby on 28 March 2015. There are two electron populations: one cold at kBTe≈0.2 eV and one warm at kBTe≈2 eV. The ions are dominated by a cold (a few hundredths of electronvolt) distribution of water group ions with a bulk speed of (3–3.7) km s−1. A warm kBTe≈6 eV ion population, which also is present, has no influence on the ion acoustic waves due to its low density of only 0.25 % of the plasma density. Near closest approach the propagation direction was within 50∘ from the direction of the bulk velocity. The waves, which in the plasma frame appear below the ion plasma frequency fpi≈2 kHz, are Doppler-shifted to the spacecraft frame where they cover a frequency range up to approximately 4 kHz. The waves are detected in a region of space where the magnetic field is piled up and draped around the inner part of the ionised coma. Estimates of the current associated with the magnetic field gradient as observed by Rosetta are used as input to calculations of dispersion relations for current-driven ion acoustic waves, using kinetic theory. Agreement between theory and observations is obtained for electron and ion distributions with the properties described above. The wave power decreases over cometocentric distances from 24 to 30 km. The main difference between the plasma at closest approach and in the region where the waves are decaying is the absence of a significant current in the latter. Wave observations and theory combined supplement the particle measurements that are difficult at low energies and complicated by spacecraft charging.

On the distribution of hydrophilic polyelectrolytes and their counterions around zwitterionic micelles: the possible impact on the charge density in solution

Despite the neutrality of headgroups, polyanions impact on ion distributions inside zwitterionic micelle corona acting as “shuttle” for species with opposite charges. Hydrophilic polyanions, however, do not reduce the critical micellar concentration.