Learning and Animal Movement

Integrating diverse concepts from animal behavior, movement ecology, and machine learning, we develop an overview of the ecology of learning and animal movement. Learning-based movement is clearly relevant to ecological problems, but the subject is rooted firmly in psychology, including a distinct terminology. We contrast this psychological origin of learning with the task-oriented perspective on learning that has emerged from the field of machine learning. We review conceptual frameworks that characterize the role of learning in movement, discuss emerging trends, and summarize recent developments in the analysis of movement data. We also discuss the relative advantages of different modeling approaches for exploring the learning-movement interface. We explore in depth how individual and social modalities of learning can matter to the ecology of animal movement, and highlight how diverse kinds of field studies, ranging from translocation efforts to manipulative experiments, can provide critical insight into the learning process in animal movement.

Psychosomatic Phenomenon According to the Stages of Development

The psychosomatic term, report to the item of psychological origin of certain organic diseases, affective repercussions of the state of physical disease on the individual and studies of mind-body relationships with emphasis on the explanation of somatic pathology. The term can also be understood, as an ideology about health, falling ill and about health practices, is a field of research on these facts and, at the same time, practice. Thus, the objective of this work is to discuss, from a literature review, the psychosomatic manifestations that occur in the development phases in the context of the psychology area. The study is methodologically based on the literature review. For this work, the bibliographic search of articles indexed to the VHL Portal (Virtual Library in Saude) and in the Web of Science was carried out. The disease is often an escape from a conflict situation or appears due to the need for attention and affection, need to be cared for. The psychosomatic approach decreases treatment time, avoids unnecessary complementary tests and abbreviates the patient's suffering.

Neuropsychologist, Psychologist, 3 years’ experience, USA

This chapter examines how, when treating individuals with Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Events (PNEE), a neuropsychologist operates from a viewpoint of PNEE as a “psycho-neurological” problem. The distinction between a “neurological” and “psychological” origin has important implications for the training necessary to perform the services offered by each specialist, but both specialties actually refer to the same origin of the PNEE. In both cases PNEE clearly arise from the brain. The neuropsychologist views these spheres not as separate and distinct, but rather as being on a continuous spectrum, with the major difference being the scale and scope at which the brain is considered. Neurological problems are typically viewed as large scale, concretely identifiable, and dealing with fundamental functioning and structural integrity. Psychological problems are viewed as small-scale neurological connection problems, too granular for the primary attention of neurologists. This is the clinical domain of psychiatrists, psychologists, and neuropsychologists. PNEE clearly have their origins in the brain, falling within the sphere of small-scale connection problems of brain functioning. Finally this chapter considers the lack of a clear explanation for why and how PNEE manifest in the brain because their true origin remains elusive.

Electroacupuncture reduces fibromyalgia pain by downregulating the TRPV1–pERK signalling pathway in the mouse brain

Background: Acupuncture has been clinically recommended as a method of pain relief by the World Health Organization and is widely used by medical doctors. Fibromyalgia (FM) pain has a complex physiological and psychological origin and can be pharmacologically treated with duloxetine, milnacipran and pregabalin. However, these drugs produce undesirable side effects, such as headaches, nausea and diarrhoea. Acupuncture may serve as an effective alternative treatment for pain relief with few side effects. Aims: We hypothesised that acupuncture would reduce FM pain by influencing transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and the downstream phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (pERK), which are located in the central thalamus, amygdala and cortex. Methods: A FM mouse model was established by injecting two doses of acid saline into 32 female C57/B6 mice. The mice were then assigned to different subgroups (n=8 each) and treated with electroacupuncture (EA) or EA sham control. TRPV1 and pERK expression levels were measured using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: Our results demonstrated that the expression of TRPV1 and pERK in the thalamus, amygdala and somatosensory cortex was normal in the control mice, but significantly increased in FM mice; these FM-induced changes in expression were attenuated by EA. Conclusion: Our data suggest that EA can reverse the central sensitisation of the TRPV1-ERK signalling pathway in the mouse brain. Thus, our findings provide mechanistic evidence supporting the potential therapeutic efficacy of EA for treating FM pain.

Neurology and Psychiatry

This chapter on neurology and psychiatry contains 17 clinical Short Answer Questions (SAQs) with explanations and sources for further reading. Possible disorders and accompanying symptoms of neurological or psychological origin that may present in the emergency department include stroke, seizures, transient ischaemic attacks, and herpes zoster ophthalmicus, among many others. It will be up to the emergency doctor to assess, diagnose, and decide upon a treatment path for each patient. The cases described in this chapter are all situations any emergency doctor is likely to encounter at some point in his or her career. The material in this chapter will greatly aid revision for the Final FRCEM examination.

Tehnikapööre ja luulekääne: tule jumal appi / A Technical Turn and Poetic Declination: God help us

Manifestilaadne artikkel „Tehnikapööre ja luulekääne: tule jumal appi“ kuulutab uute jumalate kohalesaabumist autori isiklike kogemuste varal. Kogunenud teadmisi ja aimdusi tõlgendatakse Heideggeri-järgses mõtiskluses, mis ühelt poolt lähtub filosoofi post-metafüüsilisest luulekesksest süsteemist, teisalt aga kasvab sellest kriitiliselt üle. “A Technical Turn and Poetic Declination: God help us” is a post-Heideggerian contemplation with a touch of personal manifest[ation]. It takes his post-metaphysical poetry-driven system as its point of departure for a free, idiosyncratic interpretation, yet simultaneously critically challenges it. Graphically, Heidegger’s theoretical vision – not so self-evident in the whole heideggeriana – is depicted as a four-step decline of epochs of subsequent worldviews: mythological, religious, humanistic (i.e., modern), and technological (post-modern). The important question is: What comes next? Heidegger assumes that the post-technological era (in a sense, post-post-modernism) must involve some return of the gods in a vague fading form; however, he does not yet recognize its arrival. He has not personally experienced it, he only speculates and hopes for the best. Five theses are postulated upon this concept. First, technological supremacy should not be demonized since a new worldview might emerge from the inner way technology surfaces. Second, art should not deny the technological manner of revelation, given its importance. Third, Heidegger’s speculation about a new god who will manifest itself in a hint could not originate from his actual encounter with god. Fourth, he speaks of a possible turn within the technology-induced world yet still hopes to restore the ancient quadrangle of mortals, immortals, earth, and sky, which does not represent any transcending change. Five, new gods can grow out of human beings themselves, being very close to them. This can stem from a reflective feedback mechanism, a morally grounded mirroring power human beings possess. Epiphanic happenings originate from human minds and deeds but return to them from the outside and, thus, can’t be deliberately created and controlled. Subsequently, individual insights can merge to unite larger groups into social patterns: a new, fully scientific religion can emerge. A marvelous example to consider is recorded in the documentary about recently deceased Catholic priest Vello Salo: Vello Salo. Igapäevaelu müstika. Film vanaks saamise ilust (Vello Salo: The Mystery of Everyday Life: A Film on the Beauty of Ageing, 2018). Director Jaan Tootsen manages to address one instance of divine feedback, which may provide unique value to theology and phenomenological philosophy. At the request of a sister of the Pirita Convent, Salo screwed a portable sculpture of Christ onto a wooden cross. Although the priest saw that he had failed to turn the screw in fully, he was certain it would hold. Nevertheless, in the middle of mass, the statue of Christ jumped to the floor right in front of the congregation and Salo among them. The psychological origin of this event can be sought from his internal conflict. The film depicts a grumpy old man on the verge of death who actively protests being old and insults everyone around him; and yet, it represents the act of a servant of God who has preached the salvation of heaven his whole life to feel more at peace with death’s approach. This moral dilemma resulted in a disgraceful “punishment,” attributable not to some God in the clouds, but rather traceably to Salo himself: he chastises himself through this instructive, albeit impersonally mediated act. This event was based entirely on himself, his pre- or unconsciousness, yet was not consciously actualized. This was an objectified moral reflection from an external environment. We can admit, however, that Father Salo was a happy person, who, by the end of his life, had managed to become the humble “donkey of Christ” he had always dreamed of being. This, then, proves to be an unprecedented, representative, and theological tool of study. These kinds of reflective events have long interested the author of this article, having experienced them several times in his own conscious life. It is important to note, however, that one should not paranoically interpret or project non-existent meanings. Even if moral punishment seems to be the influence behind these cases, their broader meaning remains favorable to human beings in that they act as divine precautions. It is possible, then, to be a convinced atheist, but still acknowledge the phenomenon, which ancient people frequently had reason to call divine. Such divinity is very close to man, originating directly from within himself, not from an abstract and hypostatic distance. The new gods that Heidegger still has not met are apparently just so: coming together, step-by-step, and not escaping from us.

Mathematical model of explanation of the world’s structure in Plato’s Timaeus

Plato?s cosmological dialogue The Timaeus initiates, among other things, the question of the status of mathematical entities: do they exist completely independently of the physical world whose structure they supposedly explain, are they present in a certain sense within the physical world, or are they, perhaps, exclusively psychological in nature. The author of the paper critically examines Johansen?s interpretation according to which the inherent structure of the human psyche, in the case of Plato?s Timaeus, is already mathematically ideal. Although Johansen?s interpretation is pervasive and well-grounded, the relationship between mathematical and sensory entities is considered mainly in the context of astronomy, disregarding Plato?s theory of micro-structures (the so-called geometric atomism). Thus, the author confronts Johansen?s interpretation with the opinions of other influential researchers of ancient philosophy, such as Cornford, Vlastos, Popper, Lloyd, Brisson, as well as the philosophers of the ancient era, Proclus, Aristotle, and others, in an effort to develop an interpretation that is as close as possible to the whole of Plato?s text. It seems that, when it comes to Plato?s Timaeus, one cannot discuss about the psychological origin of the mathematical model of explanation of natural phenomena without realizing that, in a quite complicated way, such mathematical model possesses a physical aspect as well. Plato himself, at the end of The Timaeus, claims that psychological disorders are caused by disruptions of the mathematically ideal proportions of bodily parts of the human organism (86b), which is only one of his claims that points to the psychophysical nature of mathematical entities.

ON LINGUISTIC DEFINITION OF THE TERM “WORD ASSOCIATION”

The analysis of dictionary definitions of the term «association» in various Ukrainian, English, German, and Russian linguistic sources has revealed the lack of an inherently linguistic definition of this term, whose roots can be traced back to its psychological origin. The article discusses distinctive traits of the word association, similar linguistic phenomena and the types of the word association. A new text-based understanding of word association is suggested, as well as a new definition of this term, giving more possibilities for its linguistic research.