Hierarchies

Hierarchies are networks that begin with a top node and always add nodes below other nodes. There are no lateral connections so there is only one path connecting any two nodes. Although typically depicted as tree diagrams, hierarchies can also be represented as embedded rectangles. The semantic network model was initially constructed as a hierarchical network model that proposed reaction times to verify statements required retrieving categories and their associated features from hierarchically stored knowledge. Hierarchies also store intuitive ontologies that may differ from scientific ontologies. The different characteristics of hierarchies, networks, and matrices provide a basis for selecting an appropriate diagram for representing knowledge. One characteristic that should influence the selection is whether there are no paths (matrices), one path (hierarchies), or multiple paths (network) between concepts.

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology of Children’s Religious Beliefs

The pancultural presence of religious beliefs suggests that children’s ordinary development may incline them toward such beliefs. Various cognitive processes that mature during this time period may enable and encourage religion. Such processes include the ability to distinguish agents from objects, think about the mental states of other agents, see purpose in the world, and view agents dualistically. The generation and persistence of religious beliefs may also be a product of their violation of certain intuitive ontologies, as such violations are more memorable for younger individuals. The naturalness of religion is discussed, and evolutionary accounts of religion as an adaptation and byproduct are presented.