Heritability of pubertal timing: detailed evaluation of specific milestones in healthy boys and girls

Objective Pubertal timing is highly heritable. Observational studies were inconclusive concerning a potential sex-specific difference in the parental contribution, while genome-wide association studies highlighted a heterogeneity in the genetic architecture of pubertal timing between sexes. Our objectives were to evaluate the association of timing of pubertal milestones in offspring with parental pubertal timing and to identify the genetic basis of the heterogeneity. Design (1.) Population-based mixed cross-sectional/longitudinal cohort (2006–2014, COPENHAGEN Puberty Study) comprising 1381 healthy Danish children including their parents. (2.) UK Biobank-based summary statistics of genetic data on timing of menarche (n = 188 644), voice-break (n = 154 459) and facial hair (n = 161 470). Methods (1.) Participants underwent clinical examination(s) including blood sampling. Parental pubertal timing was obtained by questionnaire. Timing of milestones were analyzed using SAS-lifereg. (2.) Genetic correlations between pubertal outcomes were estimated using LD Score regression. Genetic heterogeneity was analyzed using METAL. Results We observed significant associations of relative parental pubertal timing with timing of pubertal milestones in offspring of concordant sex, that is, fathers/sons (e.g. testicular enlargement: P = 0.004, β = 0.34 years per relative category) and mothers/daughters (e.g. thelarche: P < 0.001, β = 0.45 years per relative category). Fewer milestones were associated with relative parental pubertal timing in offspring of discordant sex compared to concordant sex. Large-scale genetic data highlight both moderate to strong genetic correlations between timing of menarche, voice-break and facial hair. Out of 434 lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with at least one outcome, 39 exhibited a significant genetic heterogeneity between sexes (P < 1.15 × 10−4). Conclusion Our results highlight a distinct genetic heterogeneity of pubertal timing between sexes.

PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS BELAJAR MAHASISWA PADA MATA KULIAH EVALUASI HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PROYEK

This research is a classroom action research. The objectives of this research are: (1) to describe student's learning activity in project-based learning; (2) to describe the improvement of student learning activity of mathematics education program of St. Thomas University through the application of project-based learning model; (3) to analyze student project tasks in project-based learning. The results of this study indicate that student learning activity in cycle 1 is 41.66% active students in visual activities, 25% active students in oral activities, 47.22% active students in writing activities, 13.89% active students in mental activities. Students activity in cycle 2 is 75% active students in visual activities, 63.89% active students in oral activities, 75% active students in writing activities, 52.78% active students in mental activities. The test validity test consisted of 18 tests tested in 18 schools with a total of 90 questions in which each test consisted of 4 questions, 5 questions and 6 questions. Validity results obtained 69 problems (76.67%) valid and as many as 21 problems (23.33%) is invalid. The results of the test reliability obtained 12 reliable tests with high reliability category as many as 5 tests (27.78%) and medium relative category as many as 7 tests (38.89%) and there are 6 tests (33.33%) that are not reliable. The result of analysis of different test variables obtained 39 problem (43,33%) with bad category, 29 problem (32,22%) enough category, and 16 problem (17,78%) good category. The results of the analysis of the difficulty level of the test obtained that from 90 tested questions there are 42 easy questions, 45 problems medium and 3 difficult questions.

Sectional Category of the Ganea Fibrations and Higher Relative Category

We first compute James’ sectional category (secat) of the Ganea map gk of any map ιX in terms of the sectional category of ιX: we show that secat gk is the integer part of secat ιX/(k+1). Next we compute the relative category (relcat) of gk. In order to do this, we introduce the relative category of order k (relcatk) of a map and show that relcat gk is the integer part of relcatkιX/(k+1). Then we establish some inequalities linking secat and relcat of any order: we show that secat ιX⩽relcatkιX⩽secat ιX+k+1 and relcatkιX⩽relcatk+1ιX⩽relcatkιX+1. We give examples that show that these inequalities may be strict.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE EVALUATION OF INNOVATION POTENTIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN GLOBAL COMPETITION

The provisions most modern economic theories argue that the main factors of economic development in postindustrial century are innovations based on new scientific knowledge. The stability and efficiency of economic systems in a global competition can be achieved by forming a high innovation potential, which is one of the main subjects of the state innovation policy. An analysis of the theories social development and innovation dynamics has been proven the need to consider innovative capacity as a relative category, consisting of a resource component, taking into account the balance of risks and opportunities for innovation and competition intensity. Methodical approaches to the estimation of innovative potential of economies based on concepts put forward are offered.

Bag de astmahvide gardiner: Upåagtede opblomstringer. 10 (+40) oversete fra 00’erne

Lars Bukdahl: “Behind the Asthma-White Curtains: Unrecognized Blossomings”For each year between 2000 and 2009, the essay makes the case for an overlooked work of literature, while examining the views of others critics that thought less favourably of the selected works. A series of runners-up are also mentioned and the idea of ‘the overlooked’ is discussed and seen as a relative category that functions on many levels in the literary field.