Experimental evidence in support of the biological effects and physical basis of homeopathic potencies

Background: Homeopathic potencies 12 cH and above cross the Avogadro number and, for this, do not contain any original drug molecules. Two major problems involved in the scientific study of potencies are (1) understanding the physical basis of potencies and (2) demonstrating the biological effects of potencies. The present study aims to address these questions. Methods and Results: In course of our experimental studies spanned over more than 30 years we have demonstrated significant effects of homeopathic potencies on man, animals and plants. We have also showed that potencies could be differentiated through their electronic spectra, and this difference in spectra can be attributed to the electron transfer interaction. In a molecular complex, electron of one molecule absorbs a quantum of visible radiation and is excited, not to a higher energy level of this molecule, but to one of the vacant high energy levels of the neighboring molecules. This process is known as electron or charge transfer interaction. This has been demonstrated in Iodine ө in two different solvents of CCl4 and aqueous ethanol (Sukul N C, Environ Ecol 17,866-872, 1999). We have further demonstrated that the effect of a homeopathic potency can be transmitted from one part of a plant to another, and also from one plant to another through water. I am presenting here a few selected cases of our experimental studies. Potentized Nux vomica significantly reduced ethanol consumption in rats by 73.7%and ethanol-induced sleep time in albino mice by 44.4%. Causticum 30 C and Rhus tox 30 C produced anti-inflamatory and anti-nocicptive effect on adjuvant arthritis in albino rats. Potentized homeopathic drugs reduced microfilaraemia by 28 to 100% and filariasis in two villages of West Bengal endemic for Bancroftian filaiasis. Potentized Cina and Thuja ameliorated trichinellosis in mice reducing larval population in muscles by 84% and 68%, respectively. Potencies of Agaricus and Nux vomica, produced excitatory effect on the isolated rat ileum. Potentized drugs altered firing rate of hypothalamic neurons in rats and cats. Nux vom 30 c and Merc cor 30c facilitated water permeability in erythrocytes of catfish in a test tube. Potencies of Merc cor and Merc iod enhanced α-amylase activity in vitro ,by 44 and 21%,respectively. Drugs ,that inhibit photosynthesis and plant growth in high doses, promote the same phenomena when applied on plants at ultra low doses. Potentized Cantharis, a homeopathic drug used for burn injuries, counter the effect of heat shock in Adhatoda vasica plants in terms of modulating the expression of heat-shock proteins in the plants. The effect of heat shock and of Cantharis treatment could be transmitted from one plant to another through water. The global network of surface water in a closed system is thought to be responsible for producing this effect. Several potentized homeopathic drugs show distinct variation from each other in their absorption spectra in ultra violet region of light. These drugs when mixed with sucrose solution, also show marked differences from each other at temperatures as low as 4 0 C and as high as 70 0 C. Electron transfer interaction may contribute to the characteristic spectral properties of a homeopathic potency. Conclusions: Homeopathic potencies could be detected and differentiated by their electronic spectra. Potencies show marked effect on animals, plants, ex vivo effect on isolated organs and in vitro effect on enzymes. Keywords: Homeopathic potencies, electronic spectra, ethanol intake, adjuvant arthritis, filariasis, Cantharis, Nux vomica

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL BASIS FOR DEVELOPING A SIMULATOR FOR TOWING AND PULLING OF WHEELED AND TRACKED MACHINES

The subject matter of the article is the towing and pulling of wheeled and tracked vehicles with the use of cable ropes and dynamic slings. The goal of the study is to determine the mathematical and physical basis for the development of a simulator for towing and pulling wheeled and tracked vehicles for researching to study the possibility of using aramid fibers of cable-ropes and dynamic slings. The tasks to be solved are: based on the analysis of the main roads and ground characteristics to formalize the list of calculated parameters and physical quantities determine the amount of evacuation work when pulling, towing and transporting wheeled and tracked vehicles; to develop a mathematical model that describes the process of pulling and towing wheeled and tracked vehicles using cable ropes and dynamic slings. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results are obtained. By analyzing the main characteristics of roads and ground, a formalized list of design parameters and physical quantities that determine the volume of evacuation work during the towing and pulling of wheeled and tracked vehicles was obtained. Mathematical model, describes the process of pulling and towing wheeled and tracked machines using cable ropes and dynamic slings have been compiled as a system of equations with different order. analyzed existing technology for the production of aramid fibers, their strengths and weaknesses, and formed a research polygon with regard to the peculiarities of the operation of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Existing technology for the production of aramid fibers, their strengths and weaknesses, and formed a research polygon with regard to the peculiarities of the operation of wheeled and tracked vehicles have been analyzed. Conclusions. The main roads and ground characteristics that determine the vehicles. evacuation conditions are the following: the type of road or ground, their possibility depending on the season and precipitation, the presence of ascents and descents, as well as the nature of road (ground) interaction with caterpillars determined by resistance coefficients. movement and traction. The mathematical model of pulling a wheeled and tracked vehicle using cable ropes and dynamic can be presented as a system of equations: the jerk carried out by the machine in time reflected third-order differential equation, assuming that all the energy accumulated by the cable is numerically equal to the work of moving stuck machine, corresponds to the equality of the corresponding integrals; the properties of aramid fibers that affect the strength and performance characteristics of cable ropes can be formally expressed through the elongation of the cable. Analysis of strength and service properties of aramid fibers opens the way to improvement of manufacturing technology of cable ropes and dynamic slings for pulling and towing of wheeled and tracked vehicles.

Self, Free Will and Compassion: Shared Constructs in Neuroscience and Buddhism

The authors, a neuroscientist and a Buddhist monastic who met through the Emory Tibet Science Initiative, highlight similarities in the understanding of mental activities found in both traditions. An important principle discovered is the parallel processing of multiple mental activities, which reveals the existence of a unitary self and free will as illusions. These insights provide the rationale in Buddhism to develop a culture of compassion. Meanwhile western psychology and neuroscience have found brain circuits that have evolved to support social and even altruistic behaviors, giving compassion a physical basis in our brains as well. These insights then set the stage for a shared interest in an altruistic compassionate society.

Cellular Signaling

Cell communication in the nervous system is finely tuned to respond rapidly to external stimuli, to modify itself according to those stimuli, and to produce more effective responses in the future. The physical basis for this cell communication is the manipulation of ion gradients with ion pumps and channels, chemical neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity, all of which are discussed in this chapter.

A mathematical model of relation and origin of variation between CRI and CSR indexes

The aim of this work is both the mathematical relation and the value variation analysis between CRI and CSR indexes. For this aim the physical mathematical model is proposed on the basis of the ISO-test. The physical basis of the model is a material balance of a one piece of coke from the ISO sample. Results of calculating by the model are curves of CSR=f(CRI) which reproduces the regressions in analogy with CSR=a+b.CRI for most coke-producing countries. The model showed that a larger part of CSR=f(CRI) curve is linear and that a universal regression in analogy with CSR=a+b.CRI does not exist. As follows from the model, every piece of coke from the ISO sample has its own CSR=f(CRI) curve with a CRI and CSR point. Between pieces of coke, variations of CRI and CSR values can be explained by the open pore amount, the coke pores’ surface area, the statistical distribution of molecular oriented domains on the basis of Lc and the coke piece mass. In our results, pores with a geometrical orientation from the outside to the center of a coke piece and having a minimum length significantly influence on the coke quality according to CRI and CSR indexes.

Theory and Practice of Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics of Biologically Important Systems

Molecular dynamics with coarse-grained models is nowadays extensively used to simulate biomolecular systems at large time and size scales, compared to those accessible to all-atom molecular dynamics. In this review article, we describe the physical basis of coarse-grained molecular dynamics, the coarse-grained force fields, the equations of motion and the respective numerical integration algorithms, and selected practical applications of coarse-grained molecular dynamics. We demonstrate that the motion of coarse-grained sites is governed by the potential of mean force and the friction and stochastic forces, resulting from integrating out the secondary degrees of freedom. Consequently, Langevin dynamics is a natural means of describing the motion of a system at the coarse-grained level and the potential of mean force is the physical basis of the coarse-grained force fields. Moreover, the choice of coarse-grained variables and the fact that coarse-grained sites often do not have spherical symmetry implies a non-diagonal inertia tensor. We describe selected coarse-grained models used in molecular dynamics simulations, including the most popular MARTINI model developed by Marrink’s group and the UNICORN model of biological macromolecules developed in our laboratory. We conclude by discussing examples of the application of coarse-grained molecular dynamics to study biologically important processes.

Strong and weak interactions in Ghahramany’s integrated nuclear binding energy formula

By modifying Ghahramany’s integrated nuclear binding energy formula with strong and weak interactions, it is possible to approximate the nuclear binding energy of isotopes with one unique energy coefficient and four terms. Considering even-odd corrections, shell corrections and other microscopic corrections, it seems possible to improve the accuracy with a clear physical basis. Based on our recent work and the proposed formula, we are very confident to say that, electroweak interaction plays a vital role in fixing the nuclear binding energy.