Type and Intensity as Key Variable of Exercise in Metainflammation diseases: A Review

Monocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations exhibit functions that vary between the anti- and pro-inflammatory spectrum, such as classic CD16- and non-classical CD16+ monocytes, as well as T helper 2 lymphocytes (Th2), the Th1/Th17 lymphocytes ratio, and T regulatory lymphocytes (Treg). Metabolic disease-associated inflammation is accompanied by an imbalance in monocyte and lymphocyte phenotypes and functionality, as well as a stronger proportion of inflammatory subpopulations. These changes appear to be important for the development and progression of diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the regular practice of physical exercise is an important tool to restore the functionality of monocytes and lymphocytes, and to balance the subtypes ratio. However, key variables regarding exercise prescription, such as the type of exercise, intensity, and volume differentially impact on the acute and chronic immune response in individuals diagnosed with meta inflammation diseases. Here, we discuss the impact of different physical exercise protocols, acutely and chronically, on monocytes and lymphocytes of individuals with metabolic disease-associated inflammation. In this review, we focus on the best effects of different exercise protocols to dose the “exercise pill” in different inflammatory status.

The association of lymphocyte phenotypes and outcomes after discontinuing eltrombopag in ITP

Eltrombopag is a highly effective treatment for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Cases of durable remission after the discontinuation of eltrombopag in adult ITP have recently been reported; however, the frequency and mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain unknown. In the present study, we examined the phenotypes of lymphocytes in ITP to clarify whether they predict outcomes after the discontinuation of eltrombopag. We examined 56 adult newly diagnosed ITP patients treated with eltrombopag after a median time from diagnosis of 48 months. Among the 38 patients who achieved complete remission, eltrombopag was discontinued in 26. Among the 26 patients, 12 (46.2%) had an immediate relapse after discontinuing eltrombopag and 16 (53.8%) showed sustained response without additional ITP therapy, despite discontinuing eltrombopag, with a median follow-up of 52 months. No significant differences were observed in platelets, the median duration of eltrombopag, the absolute number of T, B, and NK cells at the initiation of eltrombopag between patients who sustained response and those who relapsed after discontinuing eltrombopag. However, the number of B and NK cells at the discontinuation of eltrombopag was higher in patients who sustained response than in those who relapsed (p=0.022 and p=0.012, respectively). The present results indicate that the absolute number of B (≥ 0.20 x 109/L) and NK (≥ 0.36 x 109/L) cells at the discontinuation of eltrombopag contributes to the prediction of outcomes.

Effect of oral administration of commercial gold nanocolloid on peripheral blood leukocytes in mice

During the last few decades, owing to their unique properties, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have found numerous biomedical applications. Studies on rodents prove that AuNPs entering an organism easily reach the bloodstream and undergo wide tissue distribution. The presence of nanoparticles inside blood and bone marrow cells of exposed animals may implicate its influence on hematopoesis and the functions of peripheral blood leukocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral administration of commercial gold nanocolloid, recommended by the producer as a dietary supplement, on the percentage of lymphocyte populations and proliferative response, as well as the activity of phagocytes in the peripheral blood of mice. The colloid was given to the animals in three different doses (0.25, 2.5, 25 ppm), for three different time periods (7, 14, 28 days). Mice given nanoparticles showed increased activity of phagocytes and some changes in the lymphocyte phenotypes. The elevated activity of granulocytes and monocytes, in terms of both phagocytic and respiratory burst activity, was transient and noticed only after a short time of administration, which may indicate some adaptability of blood phagocytes to prolonged presence of gold nanoparticles in the body. However, phenotypic modifications among lymphocytes in the group of animals given the middle dose of colloid (i.e. increased percentage of B and CD4+CD8+ DP T cells) did not occur until after the 28-day administration, which in turn seems indicative of some immune dysregulation due to the prolonged contact with nanogold.