Infradian rhythms of increment dynamics of shoots in clones of almond willow (Salix triandra, Salicaceae)

Purpose of research – harmonic analysis of the structure of seasonal dynamics of daily increment of shoots in almond willow (Salix triandra) clones. Research methodology and methods. Object is a model population created by cuttings of sibs-seedlings from the same family obtained by regular inbreeding over three generations. Material – growing long shoots. Experimental group: seven clones of one-year saplings from cuttings; 6-fold repetition. Control group – seedlings from the same family on their own roots of the fourth year of life. Methods: comparative morphological, chronobiological, numerical analysis of time series. Observations were made during the growing season of 2020. Results. The beginning of the growth of shoots – the end of the first decade of May. The maximum daily increase is in early summer (06.06…14.06). Further, the daily growth decreased unevenly until the end of August. Seasonal dynamics of daily increment is determined by the interaction of linear and nonlinear components. Linear components determine the seasonal trend of daily increment dynamics. They are approximated by the corresponding regression equations with different reliability. Nonlinear components determine the cyclical nature of the seasonal dynamics of daily increment. They are approximated by sums of harmonics with an oscillation period of 9–144 days with very high reliability. Scientific novelty. The cyclical nature of the seasonal dynamics of daily increment is determined by the interaction of biorhythms with different periods. Subannual biorhythms with a period of more than 48 days correct seasonal trends of daily increment. Infradian biorhythms with a period of 9...36 days determine the alternation of peaks and dips in the seasonal dynamics of daily increment. Biorhythms with a period of 29...36 days were synchronized in the experimental and control groups, but shifted in phase when comparing the experiment and control. Biorhythms with a period of 21...24 days are synchronized on all the researched shoots. Biorhythms with a period of 9…18 days are not synchronized, but their resulting fluctuations affect the dynamics of daily increment at the beginning and end of the growing season.

Seasonal Dynamics of Internode Length of Salix triandra L. (Salicaceae) Against the Background of Short-Term Atmospheric Drought

Almond willow (Salix triandra L.) is a valuable basket species that is used to create plantings for various purposes. He occupies a special place in the system of the genus Salix. He can be used as a model object to identify patterns of morphogenesis of shoots. Object of research: model inbred population of almond willow in culture. Subject of research: seasonal dynamics of internode length on annual shoots of three-year-old seedlings willow of almond willow. The purpose of the research: to identify the seasonal dynamics of the length of internodes on annual shoots of almond willow against the background of a sharp change in early summer drought by cold rainy weather. Empirical methods for obtaining initial data: comparative-morphological. The obtained data were processed using the methods of analysis of dynamics series. It is found that seasonal trends in the dynamics of internode length are described by second-order regression equations with varying reliability. The configuration and topology of nonlinear seasonal trends are determined by individual differences between seedlings. The dynamics of deviations of internode length from seasonal trends correlates with the dynamics of hydrothermic conditions. Deviations in the length of internodes from seasonal trends are cyclical. The empirical series of deviations of the internode length from seasonal trends with high reliability are approximated by the sums of harmonic oscillations. The maximum contribution to the cyclical deviations of the internode length from seasonal trends is made by the rhythm with a period of fluctuations of 54 days. On most shoots, the influence of rhythms with a period of fluctuations of 36 and 27 days can be traced. Short-period rhythms detected on different shoots are irregular. In most observations, the specific rhythms of seasonal dynamics of internode length are determined by differences between shoots. The identified rhythms do not depend on hydrothermic conditions, on the length of shoots, on the length of internodes, or on seasonal trends in the dynamics of internode length. The hypothesis that the relationship between the dynamics of deviations in the length of internodes from seasonal trends and the dynamics of hydrothermic conditions is random is substantiated. Cyclicity deviations of internode length from seasonal trends are determined by endogenous rhythms of development.

Polyvariance of Shoot Morphogenesis in Clones of Salix triandra (Salicaceae) Against the Background of the Periodicity of Rainstorms

The article substantiates the need to study the development of one-year saplings from cuttings of almond willow (Salix triandra). Purpose of research: identification and analysis of seasonal dynamics of daily growth of shoots in S. triandra clones against the background of excessive atmospheric moisture in the form of three showers in 2020. Material and methods. Research methods: selection, structural-morphological, chronobiological. Object of research: model inbred-clone one-year population of S. triandra. The number of clones is 7; the recurrence is 6-fold. Material: growing annual shoots on one-year saplings; each sapling was formed into a single shoot. Results. Under experimental conditions, the rooting capacity of cuttings was 100%. Dimorphic root systems were formed on the mother cuttings of the excavated seedlings. The annual growth of the strongest shoots was 175 ... 215 cm. The daily growth in shoots reached peak values by June 10: the average daily growth was 3.6 cm/day, the maximum — 4.4 ... 4.9 cm/day. After June 10, the daily growth rate decreased unevenly until the end of the growing season. Some shoots completed growth before the beginning of August, and some continued growth until the middle of August. The cyclical nature of the seasonal dynamics of daily growth in the form of three peaks separated by two dips is established. The third peak is formed after the third rainstorm. Discussion and conclusions. Cyclical seasonal dynamics of daily growth of shoots is characterized by a high degree of synchronization of growth processes. Probably, all the shoots are affected by some powerful pulse synchronizer of unknown nature. It is possible that periodic showers may have a modifying effect on the mechanisms that regulate growth processes. The temporal discreteness of shoot morphogenesis is due to the full or partial realization of the seasonal cycle of shoot development. The duration of growth is due to interclonal and intraclonal differences. Probably, the duration of morphogenesis is controlled by both genetic and epigenetic factors.

Economics of Wicker Willow Cultivation as a Sustainable Livelihood Activity of Its Cultivators and Handicraft Makers in Ganderbal District of Jammu and Kashmir

The present study was carried out in four blocks, viz., Ganderbal, Sherpathri, Lar and Kangan of district Ganderbal of the Kashmir valley owing to the majority of wicker willow cultivators and handicraft makers in these blocks of the district. A total number of 120 respondents, i.e., wicker willow cultivators and handicraft makers were selected for the study. Data derived from the respondents were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Three main varieties of wicker willow species were determined in the study area, i,e., Salix triandra, Salix dickymat and Salix viminalis, with Salix triandra being the most prominent among the three as almost 53.33% of the respondents were cultivating this specie of wicker willow followed by Salix dickymat and Salix viminalis. During the cultivation of wicker willow, costs on preparation of land, planting material, fencing, FYM were applicable during the first year only, whereas, costs on fertilizer, weeding/cleaning were applicable throughout the crop life. During this study it was found that the inputs like planting material, fertilizers and weeding/cleaning had a direct impact on the total output of wicker willow. The study reveals that the average production of wicker willow was 768 kgs/kanal. The average cost of production was Rs 1170/kanal/year, whereas the average gross return stood at Rs 8256/kanal/year. The average net returns were estimated to be Rs 7086/kanal/year. Almost 44% of respondents were involved in making wicker handicrafts, which indicates that 44% of the respondents were accepting it as their main source of income. During this study, it was calculated that the payback period in case of wicker willow cultivation was 3rd year, whereas per rupee return was estimated to be Rs 3.19 and the ratio of benefit and costs was estimated to be 2.48, thereby making this practice as a profitable one when compared to other crops in the study area.

Value Chain Analysis of Wicker Willow in Kashmir

The present study was carried out in four blocks, viz., Ganderbal, Sherpathri, Lar and Kangan of Ganderbal district of Kashmir valley, owing to the presence of majority of wicker willow cultivators and handicraft makers in the district. A total number of 120 respondents were selected for the study. A well-structured interview schedule was constructed for the collection of primary data from the respondents. Data derived from the respondents were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Three main varieties of wicker willow species were determined in the study area, i.e., Salix triandra, Salix dickymat and Salix viminalis, with Salix triandra being the most prominent among the three as almost 53.33% of the respondents were cultivating this particular specie of wicker willow. From the study, it was concluded that the main wicker willow handicrafts made in district Ganderbal were tokris, dry-fruit bowls, round cups, decorative ducks, buckets, chapatis, kangris, etc. Mainly two marketing channels were being followed in the marketing of wicker handicrafts. In the first channel, the wicker handicraft moved from producer to consumer through wholesaler and retailer. In the second channel, the wicker handicraft moved from producer to consumer through retailer only. Out of the two marketing channels, channel 2nd was found out to be more suitable and profitable than channel Ist as far the marketing efficiency, price spread and producer’s share in consumer’s rupee were concerned. One of the main constraints faced in marketing of these handicrafts was the limited marketing facilities followed by the influence of wholesalers and retailers and others.

Ex situ method and Salix spp. to treat polluted soil with hydrocarbon

This study shows the practices for managing ex situ soil with a simulation in which a residue derived from hydrocarbons with a sandy-silty soil was mixed, and two Salix spp. varieties were planted in the mixture. The experiment took place in a greenhouse and controls on plants and soil occurred during 36 months. The experiment aimed at two objectives, the first of which was to evaluate the development and resistance of the plants in the contaminated soil, comparing them with their planting in sandy-silty soil without the residue, and the second was to evaluate the performance of plants as phytoremediators of the residue. This study deals with the first goal. The success in sprouting and in development of the plants was verified in both types of soils. The diameter and height of the stems and the dimensions of the leaves were the measured parameters. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that Salix triandra species developed better. The joint result for both the above mentioned objectives indicated that the ex situ method for treating soils contaminated with hydrocarbons and the planting of two species of willow were effective and can be reproduced in similar conditions to those described in this study.