THE ALTERATION OF PRO- AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN ADRENALINE-CALCIUM INDUCED MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE AND ITS CORRECTION WITH QUERCETIN IN RATS

Background. Cardiac insufficiency is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the content of interleukins in male rats with adrenaline-calcium model of myocardial injury (ACM) and under correction by quercetin.Methods. 143 Wistar male-rats aged 5-6 months were used in the experiments. The changes of interleukins (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha) content in blood serum in the development of heart injury by adrenaline and calcium (AC) and use of quercetin for protection were studied. The period of investigation was in 1, 2, 24 hours, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days.Results. In ACM model of myocardial injury TNF-alpha increased, IL-2, IL-4 decreased at each period of investigation. IL-1beta increased in 2 and 3 days after the injury, at all other periods (except in 1 hour and 21 days) those indices were decreased. Also we observed similar wave changes of IL-6 and IL-10 content.Injections of quercetin for 7 days caused a significant decrease of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and increase of IL-6. In 7 days of quercetin administration after AC-injury, decreased TNF-alpha was observed as well as increased IL-4, IL-6, and IL-1beta rates. In 14 days, the increase of TNF-alpha, normalization of IL-10 to control was evidenced. In 28 days, increased activation of IL-1beta, decreased content of TNF-alpha was fixed.Conclusions. The development of adrenaline-calcium heart damage is accompanied by bright cytokine wavelike reaction at different time points. Quercetin causes normalization of interleukins level.

Acromioclavicular joint injuries: diagnosis, classification and ligamentoplasty procedures

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injury is a frequent diagnosis after an acute shoulder trauma – often found among athletes and people involved in contact sports. This injury occurs five times more frequently in men than in women, with the highest incidence in the 20- to 30-year-old age group. Patients usually complain of pain and tenderness over the shoulder, particularly over the AC joint. Depending on the degree of injury, the clavicle may become prominent on the injured site. The original classification was described by Rockwood and Green according to the injured ligament complex and degree and direction of clavicular displacement. Many surgical procedures have been described; among these are screws, plates, muscle transfer, ligamentoplasty procedures and ligament reconstruction using either autograft or allografts. With the advancement of shoulder arthroscopy, surgeons are much more capable of performing mini-open or arthroscopically-assisted procedures, allowing patients an earlier return to their daily living activities. However, the results of conventional open techniques are still comparable. The introduction of new arthroscopic equipment provides a great variety of surgical procedures, though every new technique has its own advantages and pitfalls. Currently there is no gold standard for the surgical treatment of any type of AC injury, though it should be remembered that whenever an arthroscopic technique is chosen, the surgeon’s expertise is likely to be the most significant factor affecting outcome. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:426-433. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170027

Surgical Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects in the Knee: Are We Winning?

Articular cartilage (AC) injury is a common disorder. Numerous techniques have been employed to repair or regenerate the cartilage defects with varying degrees of success. Three commonly performed techniques include bone marrow stimulation, cartilage repair, and cartilage regeneration. This paper focuses on current level of evidence paying particular attention to cartilage regeneration techniques.