Utilization of Shrimp Head Wastes into Powder Form as Raw Material for Value-Added Products

Shrimp processing industries produce large amounts of wastes in the form of shrimp heads, shells, and tails, which are more or less 50% of the raw materials. Improper disposal of these nutrient-rich wastes can cause environmental problems if not duly managed. This study aims to utilize Penaeus monodon shrimp head wastes into powder form using a cabinet type drier and establish the processing yield and important product qualities. Two treatments of shrimp head powders were studied: shrimp head powder with carapace (SHPwc) and shrimp head powder without carapace (SHPwoc). The yields obtained were 26.72% for SHPwc while 20.42% for SHPwoc; both are considered to have significant value since both are produced from wastes. Both products have satisfactory water activity levels; however, the bulk density was high, and the solubility was lower than other published powdered seafood by-products. Both products have light orange or brown color: however, in both odor and flavor, SHPwoc had a higher mean general acceptability, with “like slightly-like moderately” results. SHPwoc was subjected to a shelf-life study with added salt and ascorbic acid preservatives. Monthly analyses revealed that the microbiological parameters are still within limits, and both moisture and pH values were acceptable after eight months of storage at ambient temperature (28-30°C). However, the peroxide value is acceptable until only the sixth month, which signifies the end of shelf-life based on theoretical sensory changes. The results of this study show the promising significance of utilizing shrimp processing wastes into seafoodbased products.

Proteases Production and Chitin Preparation from the Liquid Fermentation of Chitinous Fishery By-Products by Paenibacillus elgii

Chitinous fishery by-products have great application in the production of various bioactive compounds. In this study, Paenibacillus elgii TKU051, a protease-producing bacterial strain, was isolated using a medium containing 1% squid pens powder (SPP) as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source. P. elgii TKU051 was found to produce at least four proteases with molecular weights of 100 kDa, 57 kDa, 43 kDa, and 34 kDa (determined by the gelatin zymography method). A P. elgii TkU051 crude enzyme cocktail was optimally active at pH 6–7 and 60 °C. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the hydrolysates obtained from the hydrolysis of shrimp shell powder, shrimp head powder, shrimp meat powder, fish head powder and soya bean powder catalyzed by the P. elgii TkU051 crude enzyme cocktail were also evaluated. P. elgii TKU051 exhibited a high deproteinization capacity (over 94%) on different kinds of shrimp waste (shrimp heads and shells; fresh and cooked shrimp waste; shrimp waste dried by oven and lyophilizer), and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy profile of the chitin obtained from the deproteinization process displayed the characteristic of chitin. Finally, the obtained chitin exhibited an effect comparable to commercial chitin in terms of adsorption against Congo Red (90.48% and 90.91%, respectively). Thus, P. elgii TKU051 showed potential in the reclamation of chitinous fishery by-products for proteases production and chitin extraction.

Bioproduction of Prodigiosin from Fishery Processing Waste Shrimp Heads and Evaluation of Its Potential Bioactivities

The aim of this work was to reuse a fish processing waste, shrimp head powder (SHP), for the production of prodigiosin (PG) via microbial technology and to assess its potential bioactivities. PG was produced in a 12 L-bioreactor system, and the highest PG productivity of 6310 mg L−1 was achieved when Serratia marcescens CC17 was used for fermentation in a novel designed medium (6.75 L) containing 1.5% C/N source (SHP/casein = 9/1), 0.02% K2SO4, ans 0.025% Ca3(PO4)2, with initial pH 7.0, and fermentation was performed at 28 °C for 8 h. The purified PG showed moderate antioxidants, efficient anti-NO (anti-nitric oxide), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. In a docking study, PG showed better binding energy scores (−12.3 kcal/mol) and more interactions (6 linkages) with several prominent amino acids in the biding sites on AChE that were superior to those of Berberine chloride (−10.8 kcal/mol and one linkage). Notably, this is the first investigation using shrimp heads for the mass bioproduction of PG with high productivity, and Ca3(PO4)2 salt was also newly found to significantly enhance PG production by S. marcescens. This study also provided available data on the anti-NO and anti-AChE effects of PG, especially from the docking simulation PG towards AChE that was described for the first time in this study. The above results suggest that SHP is a good material for the cost-effective bioproduction of PG, which is a potential candidate for anti-NO and anti-Alzheimer drugs.

Microbial Conversion of Shrimp Heads to Proteases and Chitin as an Effective Dye Adsorbent

As a green and effective technique in the production of a large number of valuable products, the microbial conversion of chitinous fishery wastes is receiving much attention. In this study, protease production using the Paenibacillus mucilaginosus TKU032 strain was conducted on culture media containing several common types of chitinous fishery by-products serving as the carbon and nitrogen (C/N) nutrition source. Among the chitinous wastes, 1.5% (w/v) shrimp head powder (SHP) was found to be the most appropriate nutritional source for protease production when a maximal enzyme activity of 3.14 ± 0.1 U/mL was observed on the 3rd day of the culture period. The molecular mass of P. mucilaginosus TKU032 protease was estimated to be nearly 32 kDa by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. The residual SHP obtained from the culture medium was also considered to be utilized for chitin extraction. The deproteinization rate of the fermentation was estimated to be 45%, and the chitin obtained from fermented SHP (fSHP) displayed a similar characteristic Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) profile as that from SHP. In addition, SHP, fSHP, and chitins obtained from SHP and fSHP were investigated for their adsorptive capacity of nine types of dyes, and chitin obtained from fSHP displayed a good adsorption rate on Congo Red and Red No. 7, at 99% and 97%, respectively. In short, the results provide potential support for the utilization of SHP in the production of P. mucilaginosus TKU032 protease via the fermentation as well as the preparation of chitin from fSHP as an effective dye adsorbent.

PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN PENGUSAHA BEBEK PETELUR MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM DRY HOME DAN MESIN PENGHALUS KEPALA UDANG PADA DESA CAMBAJAWA KABUPATEN MAROS

Pertumbuhan penduduk usia produktif di Indonesia yang tidak diimbangi dengan ketersediaan lapangan kerja yang cukup, menyebabkan bertambahnya angka pengangguran. Pemerintah menggalakkan program wirausaha sebagai solusi dari peningkatan pengangguran. Salah satu wirausaha yang mempunyai prospek cukup baik adalah peternakan bebek petelur. Sebagai bahan pokok, permintaan telur bebek di pasaran relatif stabil. Program kemitraan masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengefisienkan waktu pembuatan tepung kepala udang sebagai komponen pakan yang paling penting dalam produksi telur bebek. Proses pembuatan tepung kepala udang yang dilakukan warga Maros selama ini terdiri dari 4 tahap yaitu: 1) Perebusan kepala udang, 2) Penjemuran kepala udang, 3) Penggilasan dan 4) penghalusan. Program kemitraan masyarakat ini menggunakan metode research and development. Hasil yang diperoleh dari pelaksanaan program ini yaitu : 1) efisiensi waktu mulai dari pengeringan kepala udang sampai pembuatan tepung kepala udang dari 2 hari menjadi 10 jam, 2) mitra dapat mengoperasikan mesin tepung dan memanfaatkan teknologi, 3) kapasitas produksi tepung udang meningkat karena waktu produksi tepung semakin pendek, 4) laba usaha meningkat sebesar Rp 14.230 atau 47,43% dan aliran kas bersih meningkat menjadi Rp 44.230 atau 73,72% karena biaya pakan bisa ditekan. Kata kunci: Mesin Penghalus, Dry Home, Pakan Bebek. Abstract The growth of the productive age population in Indonesia that is not matched by the availability of sufficient employment opportunities, causes an increase in unemployment. The government is promoting the entrepreneurship program as a solution to increasing unemployment. One entrepreneur that has good prospects is laying ducks. As a staple, demand for duck eggs on the market is relatively stable. This community partnership program aims to streamline the time to make shrimp head flour as the most important feed component in duck egg production. The process of making shrimp head flour made by Maros residents so far consists of 4 stages, namely: 1) Boiling shrimp heads, 2) Shrimp head drying, 3) Milling and 4) fineness. This community partnership program uses research and development methods. The results obtained from the implementation of this program are: 1) time efficiency from drying the shrimp head to making shrimp head flour from 2 days to 10 hours, 2) partners can operate the flour machine and utilizing technology, 3) shrimp flour production capacity increases due to shorter flour production time, 4) operating profit increased by Rp. 14,230 or 47.43% and net cash flow increased to Rp. 44,230 or 73.72% due to reduced feed costs. Keywords: Disk Mill, dry Home, Duck Farm,

Production of a Thermostable Chitosanase from Shrimp Heads via Paenibacillus mucilaginosus TKU032 Conversion and its Application in the Preparation of Bioactive Chitosan Oligosaccharides

Chitosanase has attracted great attention due to its potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and nutraceuticals. In this study, P. mucilaginosus TKU032, a bacterial strain isolated from Taiwanese soil, exhibited the highest chitosanase activity (0.53 U/mL) on medium containing shrimp heads as the sole carbon and nitrogen (C/N) source. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, a chitosanase isolated from P. mucilaginosus TKU032 cultured on shrimp head medium was determined at approximately 59 kDa. The characterized chitosanase showed interesting properties with optimal temperature and thermal stability up to 70 °C. Three chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) fractions were isolated from hydrolyzed colloidal chitosan that was catalyzed by TKU032 chitosanase. Of these, fraction I showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitor (aGI) activity (65.86% at 20 mg/mL); its inhibitory mechanism followed the mixed noncompetitive inhibition model. Fractions II and III exhibited strong 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (79.00% at 12 mg/mL and 73.29% at 16 mg/mL, respectively). In summary, the COS fractions obtained by hydrolyzing colloidal chitosan with TKU032 chitosanase may have potential use in medical or nutraceutical fields due to their aGI and antioxidant activities.

Reclamation of Marine Chitinous Materials for Chitosanase Production via Microbial Conversion by Paenibacillus macerans

Chitinous materials from marine byproducts elicit great interest among biotechnologists for their potential biomedical or agricultural applications. In this study, four kinds of marine chitinous materials (squid pens, shrimp heads, demineralized shrimp shells, and demineralized crab shells) were used to screen the best source for producing chitosanase by Paenibacillus macerans TKU029. Among them, the chitosanase activity was found to be highest in the culture using the medium containing squid pens as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source. A chitosanase which showed molecular weights at 63 kDa was isolated from P. macerans cultured on a squid pens medium. The purified TKU029 chitosanase exhibited optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 7, and was stable at temperatures under 50 °C and pH 3-8. An analysis by MALDI-TOF MS revealed that the chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) obtained from the hydrolysis of water-soluble chitosan by TKU029 crude enzyme showed various degrees of polymerization (DP), varying from 3–6. The obtained COS enhanced the growth of four lactic acid bacteria strains but exhibited no effect on the growth of E. coli. By specialized growth enhancing effects, the COS produced from hydrolyzing water soluble chitosan with TKU029 chitinolytic enzymes could have potential for use in medicine or nutraceuticals.