Characterizing Anisotropic Fracture Toughness of Shale Using Nanoindentation

Summary Shale, which has pores as small as 10 nm, is economically viable for hydrocarbon recovery when it is fractured. Although the fracture toughness dictates the required energy for the improvement, the existing techniques are not suitable for characterization at scales smaller than 1 cm. Developing practical methods for characterization is crucial because fractures can contribute to an accessible pore volume at different scales. This study proposes a conceptual model to characterize the anisotropic fracture toughness of shale using nanoindentations on a sub-1-cm scale. The conceptual model reveals the complexities of characterizing shales and explains why induced fractures differ from those observed in more-homogeneous media, such as fused silica. Samples from the Wolfcamp Formation were tested using Berkovich and cube-corner tips, and the interpreted fracture toughness values are promising. The conceptual model is the first application of the effective-medium theory for fracture toughness characterization using nanoindentation. In addition, it can quantify fracture toughness variations when using small samples, such as drill cuttings.

Anisotropic Fracture Toughness Effects on Failure Modes of Piping

This paper summarizes various cases where anisotropic fracture toughness properties caused the failure mode to change during ductile fracture experiments on piping. It is noted that in particular for carbon steel piping, the anisotropy can cause an initial circumferential crack to propagate in a helical or even axial direction, even though there are only applied bending loads. This has implications that under combined loading, such pipes may have lower longitudinal stresses at failure than may be calculated by a leak-before-break analysis that only considers the longitudinal stresses and the toughness in the circumferential crack growth plane.