Occurrence of virus diseases of Bhut Jolokia (Capsicum chinense)

Field surveys were carried out in three Bhut Jolokia growing districts viz., Sivasagar, Jorhat, Golaghat of Upper Assam to assess the incidence of viral diseases during 2009-11. The incidence of virus diseases varied in farmer’s field with an average ranged from 8-72% .Four different viruses were identified based on symptomatology, transmission, host range and serological assays. The mosaic disease was detected to be cucumovirus, potyvirus leaf and stem necrosis disease to be caused by tospovirus and leaf curl disease caused by begomovirus. Cucumovirus , Potyvirus and Tospovirus were easily transmitted by grafting and sap inoculation to Bhut Jolokia and other hosts tested. However, begomovirus was found to be graft transmissible whereas sap inoculation failed to produce any symptom on host plants. Mixed infection of Cucumovirus and Potyvirus was separated by sap inoculation on Datura stramonium. Cucumovirus produced local lesion while Potyvirus produced chlorotic lesion on D. stramonium. DAS-ELISA revealed highest incidence of Potyvirus (87.50%) followed by Cucumovirus (75.00%) and Tospovirus (62.50%) in Golaghat while lowest incidence (31.25-33.33%) of virus diseases was recorded in Sivasagar for all the four viruses. However, overall incidence of Begomovirus was low in all the surveyed fields.

Tagging and Mapping Scab Resistance Genes from R12740-7A Apple

The genetic basis of resistance to apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.] in the Russian apple seedling R12740-7A (Malus Mill. sp.) was investigated. Segregation ratios obtained in crosses with susceptible cultivars suggested that at least two genes were involved, and three foliar resistance reactions (chlorotic, stellate necrotic, and pit type) were observed after inoculation. DNA markers were identified for both the stellate necrotic (Vr) and pit type (no locus designation, Vx suggested) resistance phenotypes. Comparison of resistance phenotypes with marker segregation demonstrated that only two major dominant genes were present in R12740-7A, one producing the stellate necrotic lesion and the other the pit-type lesion. The chlorotic lesion could be attributed to either unclear expression of the resistance phenotype or to susceptible genotypes not contracting the disease. These markers along with a previously published marker for Vf were used to analyze inheritance of resistance in a Vr × Vf cross in advanced breeding material. The markers identified successfully all susceptible progeny, as well as apparent escapes and individuals possessing both Vf and Vr. Thus, the markers should be useful in future screening of segregating progeny and in the pyramiding of scab resistance genes in new cultivars.